Module 6 & 7 Lecture Notes Review

A comprehensive set of flashcards summarizing key concepts from modules 6 and 7, focusing on hydrocephalus, brain injury, and various medical conditions in children.

What is hydrocephalus?

A buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain.

What is the most common cause of hydrocephalus?

Obstructive hydrocephalus, which is a structural blockage of CSF flow within the ventricular system.

What are the typical CSF production rates in infants and adults?

Infants produce approximately 25 mL of CSF per day; adults have a CSF volume of about 150 mL in the ventricles and subarachnoid space.

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

Hydrocephalus related to increased production or decreased absorption of CSF.

What is the significance of Arnold-Chiari malformation in hydrocephalus?

It is a common cause of noncommunicating hydrocephalus, which results from obstruction that prevents proper CSF flow.

What clinical signs are associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in children?

Symptoms include irritability, headaches, vomiting, and an enlarging occipitofrontal head circumference.

What is the Macewen sign?

A clinical sign where tapping on the skull near the junction of frontal, temporal, and parietal bones produces a resonant sound.

What diagnostic tools are used to assess hydrocephalus?

CT, MRI, and cisternogram can help identify abnormalities in CSF flow dynamics.

What is a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt?

A surgical device implanted to relieve ICP by draining excess CSF from the brain to the peritoneal cavity.

What is the main goal of treatment for hydrocephalus?

To relieve intracranial pressure and reduce ventricular size.

What are some complications associated with TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) in children?

Seizure activity, hydrocephalus, and increased intracranial pressure.

What is the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale used for?

To assess the level of consciousness in children with potential TBI.

What are the signs of deterioration in a child with a VP shunt?

Irritability, changes in behavior, and signs of increased ICP.

How is congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction diagnosed?

By observing persistent tearing in infants and confirming through gentle pressure over the lacrimal sac.

How is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) manifesting in infants?

Overproduction of androgen leading to ambiguous genitalia in females and precocious puberty in males.

What are the expected outcomes for a child with congenital hypothyroidism?

Achieving and maintaining appropriate growth and normalization of thyroid hormone levels.

What causes scabies?

Infection caused by the female mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, leading to intense pruritus and skin lesions.

What is the primary treatment for impetigo?

Topical antibiotic ointment, such as mupirocin, or oral antibiotics in more severe cases.

How do you identify and treat a burn injury in children?

Assess the depth and severity, use appropriate wound care, manage pain, and ensure proper nutrition for healing.

What type of virus causes chickenpox?

Varicella zoster virus.

What is the main complication associated with mumps?

Orchitis and meningitis.

What defines precocious puberty?

Development of secondary sex characteristics before age 8 in girls or 9 in boys.