UNIT V

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Description and Tags

life span and development

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63 Terms

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Zygote

Fertilized egg; the first stage of human development.

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Genes

DNA segments that determine traits, inherited from parents.

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Embryo

Early development stage (2-8 weeks) with basic organs forming.

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Fetus

Later development stage (9 weeks-birth) where growth and organs continue maturing.

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Teratogens

Harmful substances (e.g., drugs) that can cause birth defects.

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Birth defects from alcohol exposure during pregnancy.

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Rooting Reflex

Baby turns head and opens mouth when cheek is touched, helping find food.

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Sucking Reflex

Baby sucks when the roof of the mouth is touched, allowing for feeding.

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Moro Reflex

Baby spreads arms and then pulls them in when startled by loud noise or feeling of falling.

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Grasping Reflex

Baby automatically grasps objects placed in their palm.

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Babinski Reflex

Baby’s toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked.

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Stepping Reflex

Baby makes walking movements when their feet touch a surface.

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Temperament

Inborn emotional and activity level patterns, sociability and something that remains constant.

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Maturation

Biological growth that happens naturally, aiding motor and cognitive development.

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Cognition

Mental processes like thinking, learning, and memory.

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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Stages of cognitive development theorized by Jean Piaget.

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Sensorimotor Stage

(0-2 yrs) Learning through senses and actions; develops object permanence.

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Schemas

Mental structures for organizing information (mental molds).

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Assimilation

Fitting new info into existing schemas.

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Accommodation

Changing schemas to include new info.

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Object Permanence

Understanding objects exist even when out of sight.

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Preoperational Stage

(2-7 yrs) Language and symbolic thought but lacks logic; too young to perform mental operations.

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Conservation

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape.

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Egocentrism

Difficulty seeing others’ perspectives.

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Theory of Mind

The ability to understand that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from your own.

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Concrete Operational Stage

(7-11 yrs) Logical thinking about concrete events and the ability to do basic math.

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Formal Operational Stage

(12+ yrs) Abstract and hypothetical thinking.

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Stranger Anxiety

Fear of strangers, typically beginning around 8 months, recognizing their family.

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Secure Attachment

A healthy attachment where the child feels safe to explore and is upset when the caregiver leaves but is easily comforted upon return.

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Insecure Attachment

An unhealthy attachment where the child may be anxious, avoidant, or ambivalent toward the caregiver.

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Attachment

Emotional bond with caregiver.

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Critical Period

Key time for forming bonds and learning certain skills.

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Imprinting

Rapid attachment process in some animals during early life, the first thing they see they love.

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Authoritarian Parenting

Strict rules, high expectations.

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Permissive Parenting

Few rules, lenient.

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Authoritative Parenting

Balanced, demanding yet responsive; best outcomes.

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Adolescence

Transition from childhood to adulthood; starts with puberty.

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Puberty

Physical and hormonal changes for sexual maturity.

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Primary Sex Characteristics

Organs directly involved in reproduction.

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

Traits that emerge during puberty, distinguishing the sexes like breasts, height, body hair

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Preconventional Morality

Obeying rules to avoid punishment or gain rewards; normal under age of nine.

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Conventional Morality

Following rules to maintain social order; most adults.

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Postconventional Morality

Acting based on personal ethical principles; barely anyone achieves this.

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Trust vs. Mistrust

(Infancy) Developing trust if needs are met.

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

(Toddlerhood) Learning independence.

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Initiative vs. Guilt

(Preschool) Trying new things, taking initiative.

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Competency vs. Inferiority

(School age) Building skills or feeling inferior.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

(Adolescence) Developing a sense of self.

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Intimacy vs. Isolation

(Young adulthood) Forming close relationships.

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Generativity vs. Stagnation

(Middle adulthood) Contributing to society.

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Integrity vs. Despair

(Late adulthood) Reflecting on life with satisfaction or regret.

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Social Clock

Societal timing for life milestones like marriage, kids, buying a house

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Menopause

End of menstrual cycles in women, typically in middle age.

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Alzheimer’s Disease

Progressive memory and cognitive loss in old age.

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Senile Dementia

Decline in mental ability with age.

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Fluid Intelligence

Quick, abstract reasoning; decreases with age.

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Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge; remains stable or increases.

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Jean Piaget

Developed stages of cognitive development.

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Harry Harlow

Studied attachment through monkey experiments.

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Konrad Lorenz

Discovered imprinting in animals.

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Mary Ainsworth

Created Strange Situation Test to study attachment.

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Lawrence Kohlberg

Developed stages of moral reasoning.

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Erik Erikson

Proposed stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan.