BMS 300 Exam 1 (Colorado State University)

Dipole Moment

The difference in charge between atoms in a water molecule

Water Molecules Interact With Each Other Through _______

Hydrogen Bonds

Why is water liquid at room temperature?

Because the hydrogen bonds within it are constantly breaking and reforming on different molecules (moving around)

Shell of Hydration

The oxygen atoms in water will orient themselves towards positively charged ions in water, the hydrogen atoms will orient themselves towards negatively charged ions in water

Osmosis

The movement of water through aquaporins

Aquaporins

Water-Selective Channels

How do plants and trees move water upwards from the ground?

Water will move across a barrier if one side has more ions than the other. If aquaporins allow water to move but not ions, water will continuously flow towards the other side and drain from the other, causing hydrostatic pressure to form and water to move upwards.

Triglycerides

-animal fats or vegetable oils

-Hydrophobic, water insoluble

Ester Bond

Happens when a fatty acid and a glycerol molecule bond

Are Phospholipids Amphipathic?

Yes. They have hydrophobic regions and hydrophilic regions

Micelle

A sphere of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails on the inside and hydrophilic heads on the outside. If any water enters a micelle, it will explode.

Liposome

a sphere with a phospholipid bilayer. Hydrophobic tails face towards each other inside the outer layer of hydrophilic heads. This is a more stable structure as water entering it will not destroy it.

How do proteins move in and out of cells?

Through hydrophilic protein channels

What are the components of an amino acid?

-Amino Group

-Carboxcylic Acid

-Distinguishing R-group

What kind of bond forms within amino acids?

Peptide Bonds

What are the two ends of an amino acid?

Aminoterminus and Carboxyterminus

What is Primary Protein Structure and what kind of bond is associated with it?

Amino Acid Chains, Peptide Bonds

What is Secondary Protein Structure and what kind of bond is associated with it?

Alpha Helix and Beta Pleated Sheets, Hydrogen Bonds

What does the "i+4" rule refer to?

The positively charged part of the amine hydrogen interacts with the negatively charged carbonyl oxygen *five up the line* in alpha helix structure (through hydrogen bonding)

How do proteins form three dimensional shapes?

Hydrophobic regions stretch inwards and hydrophilic regions stretch outwards

Binding Pockets

Formed when proteins form tertiary protein structures; R-groups form a confined region of 3D shape

Chromosomes

The structure that DNA is organized into in eukaryotes

Histomes

Structure that DNA wraps around and around in order to form chromosomes and fit inside the nucleus

Octomer

The cubical formation that histomes form

Endoplasmic Reticulum

an intracellular bag with ribosomes attached, even with the nuclear membrane

perinuclear space

the empty space between the ER membrane and the nuclear membrane

What type of proteins do free ribosomes produce?

cytoplasmic proteins (stay within the cell and perform their function within the cytoplasm)

What type of proteins do attached ribosomes produce?

-Secreted Proteins

-Lysosomic Proteins

-Transmembrane Proteins

Lysosome

garbage disposal of the cell (creates proteins which break things down; proteases, lipases)

Glycosylation

covalently linking sugars to proteins (take places when vesicles bind to membranes)

Cis-Golgi

the top piece of the golgi apparatus which receives incoming materials

Trans-Golgi

the bottom piece of the golgi apparatus from which materials leave after being processed

Exocytosis

fusion of the vesicular membrane to the plasma membrane

Endocytosis

the process of materials being taken into the cell (happens in macrophages)

What do mitochondria and prokaryotes have in common?

Circular DNA, double membrane, similar ribosomes

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process of bacteria using oxygen to make adenosine triphosphate

Endosymbiosis of Mitochondria

Theory that a eukaryote absorbed a mitochondria and it escaped from the vesicle, and remained in the cell. Evolved to be part of eukaryotic cells.

Filamentous Actin

polymer of globular actin (G-actin)

Microtubules

polymers of tubulin

How do tubulin molecules assemble into microtubules?

Tubulin molecules have Alpha (disassembly) and Beta (assembly) ends which stick together alpha-to-beta to form sheets of tubulin (end to end and side to side)

Which way are microtubules oriented within neurons?

The negative end of a microtubule faces the cell body of a neuron while the positive end faces the axons terminals

Which way does kinesin move within a neuron?

Kinesin is a positive end directed molecular motor

How does kinesin stick and unstick its feet?

The front foot binds with ATP and as it does zips, releasing ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Which way does dynein move within a neuron?

Dyenein is a - end directed molecular motor (opposite of kinesin)

Myosin

an ATPase, positive end directed motor, moves like kinesin

What type of bonds connect bases within two strands of DNA?

Hydrogen bonds

What type of bond is created when two 5-Carbon Sugars bond together from the top carbon of one to the bottom oxygen of the other

Phosphodiester Linkage (C--O--P--O--OH)

DNA strands are oriented in ________ directions; they are _________

Opposite; antiparallel

Each deoxyribose in a strand of DNA is ________ linked to a nitrogenous base

Covalently

DNA Helicase

Unwinds DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

DNA Polymerase

Reads DNA and assembles nitrogenous bases to create a complimentary strand

In which direction does DNA polymerase read a strand of DNA?

3' to 5'

What is the difference between the sugars in RNA and the sugars in DNA?

The sugars in RNA contain a hydroxide group where the sugars in DNA contain a simple hydrogen. This hydroxide group prevents RNA from folding into a helix well, and gives it a more rudimentary structure

Where does RNA Polymerase begin reading a strand of DNA?

TATA Box

Promoter

Consensus sequences of bases in DNA where proteins called transcription factors bind

Transcription Factor

Group of proteins that bind to a strand of DNA and direct RNA polymerase to where to begin reading the strand

In which direction does RNA polymerase read a strand of DNA?

3' to 5'

Exons

Regions of mRNA that are expressed in the resulting protein

Introns

Regions of mRNA that are not expressed in a protein

The set of three bases bonded to the bottom of tRNA are called an ________

anticodon

When a sequence of hydrophobic amino acids are produced by translation of a protein destined for the ER, they will bind to a __________

Signal Recognition Particle

The sequence of hydrophobic amino acids that binds to the Signal Recognition Particle is called the __________

Signal Peptide

The Signal Recognition Particle will bind to the ________ on the surface of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Signal Recognition Particle Receptor

Tissues

a group of similar cells working together to carry out a similar function

Epithelia

A continuous layer of cells that sit on a basil lamina of extracellular proteins

The surface of cells oriented away from the basil lamina is the _______ surface; the surface of cells that sits against the basil lamina is the _______ surface

Apical; Basil

Connective Tissue

Scattered cells embedded in a protein matrix which they secrete

What are the four types of connective tissue?

Connective Tissue Proper, Cartilage, Bone, and Blood

Chondrocytes

Cells which secrete collagen and make up cartilage

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic Cartilage

Osteocytes

Cells which secrete collagen and form bone

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

The cells which create blood (give rise to erythrocytes and the cells of the immune system)

Hemidesmosomes

Junctions which join epithelial cells to the basil lamina

Integrin

transmembrane protein which attaches the protein plaque to the inside of the cell

Desmosome

anchoring junctions between cells in epithelial tissues

Cadheren

transmembrane proteins that link desmosomes in adjacent cells (side to side)

Occluding Junction

tight junction proteins form a blockade between cells

The proteins which form Occluding Junctions are ______ and _____

Claudins; Occludins

GAP Junctions

Junctions between cells used for communication

Connexon

Protein which spans the gap between cells within a GAP junction

Each Connexion is composed of ___ connexins

six

Connexons are ________ channels

hydrophilic

What two types of tissue make up skin?

Connective Tissue and Epithelium

Keratinocytes

skin cells in the epidermis, contain keratin

What are the layers of cells within skin called? (Bottom to Top)

1) Stratum Basale

2) Stratum Spinosum

3) Stratum Correum

The top (outside) layer of skin is called the __. Below it is the __.

Epidermis; dermis

Fibrocytes

Cells that form the connective tissue of the dermis

Melanocytes

cells on the top of the dermis which release melanin to be endocytosed by keratinocytes

Exocrine Glands

ducts within the skin that reach the surface and secrete oil and other substances

What are the four types of exocrine glands?

Sweat, Mammary, Salivary, Sebaceous

Secretory Epithelium

oil like molecules at the bottom of an exocrine gland which lubricate the hair and skin

Long Bone

bone that is longer than it is wide

Medullary Cavity

Cavity in the center of the bone which is filled with yellow marrow and fat; greatly reduces the mass of long bones

The cartilage that lines the top of the bones along joints is ___________

hyaline cartilage

The longer, middle part of a long bone is the _________; the ends of the long bones are the _________

diaphysis; epiphysis

The diaphysis is mainly composed of ______ bone, while the epiphysis is mainly composed of _______ bone

Compact; Spongey

Bones consist of ________ which secrete _________

Osteocytes; Hydroxyapatite

Osteon

A group of osteocytes surrounding a central canal containing a nerve and blood vessel

Growth plates

Layers of chondrocytes which are replaced with bone as the body grows throughout a lifetime

Osteocytes and Osteoblasts secrete ____, _____, and _____ which makes bones hard.

Osteoclasts secrete _____ which dissolves bone

C2, PO4, and collagen

H+