23, Economic developments under Lenin and Stalin

Why was russias economy ruined by 1921 5

WW1,

industry 5/6th gone,

inflation,

transport had broken down,

productive work had stopped during civil war

Consequences of workers being in charge of their own factories 4

Failed to organise their factories,

output shrank when it was worst needed,

awarded themselves unsustainable pay rises

lacked the skills required for successful management

What was occurring during High inflation 1918 3

People hoarded food,

foot riots threatened Bolshevik control,

rations

What did Lenin introduce as part of war communism

Food requisitioning

What were kulaks labelled

Enemies of the people, and their entire stock seized

Food requisitioning outcomes 4

Peasant resistance,

hid crops and grew less,

murdered members of the squads

Cheka had to be used extensively to make the policy work

What were the first industries to become nationalised

Sugar and oil

How much had factory output increased by 1923

200%

Scissors Crisis 1923 2

Food prices declined, but industrial prices increased.

The government took steps to lower industrial prices.

War communism 3

Bourgeois specialists,

extended working hours,

all private trade forbidden.

Was war communism as economic failure? 3

Created more problems than it solved.

1921 industrial output had fallen to 20% of pre war levels.

Some fled the cities to the country in the hopes of finding food- population decreased over 55% in Moscow.

Harvest of 1921 3

Produced only 48% of that of 1913.

Widespread famine and cannibalism.

Population fell by 40 million compared to pre war years

Where were demands for economic change coming from? (1 event 2 things though)

Tambov revolt.

100k red army troops deployed.

When was martial law declared in Russia under Lenin

1921. Military refused to co operate and Cheka had to be used

Kronstadt rebellion against Lenin and significance

30,000 sailors. Had been most loyal supporters during October revolution. They demanded an end to one party communist rule.

Economic troubles causing divisions within the communist party

Workers opposition group set up by Shiyapknikov and Kollontkai.

What did workers opposition group want? 3

- greater worker control

- removal of mangers and military discipline in factories

- end of intensification of War Communism

Effect of this opposition on Lenin

Persuaded him that a change in economic policy was necessary

When was the NEP introduced?

10th Party Congress - March 1921

Problem with NEP ideologically

Party members saw it as ideological betrayal as it allowed private ownership of businesses and private trade.

When had production levels of 1913 been reached again under NEP

1926

NEP men

name given to the entrepreneurs and businessmen that the NEP created.

Was the NEP successful?

It was successful because it reintroduced a measure of stability to the economy and allowed the Soviet people to recover from years of war, civil war, and government mismanagement.

When was the leadership struggle

1924-29

Reasons for stalins 'great turn' 4

By 1927, NEP was failing to produce the growth that they wanted. War scare made them nervous.

They wanted to be less reliant on foreign imports and increase military strength.

To move towards socialism they needed to develop industry and no longer be dependent on agriculture.

Also suited Stalin leadership style to have central planning

Features of his Five Year Plans 5

Ambitious targets,

propaganda,

forged reported statistics and over enthusiastic reporting,

corruption

faulty planning

When was the First Five Year Plan?

1928-1932

What were the aims for the first 5 year plan 4

Increase production by 300%,

develop heavy industry,

boost electricity production by 600%,

double output from light industry.

Magnitogorsk 3

A new city built near huge iron ore deposits in the Ural mountains.

It was built during the first Five Year Plan and it became a huge centre for iron and steel.

On the other hand, working and living conditions for the workers were appalling, at least in the early years.

Impressive growth after First Five Year Plan 2

Electricity output trebeled,

steel production increased by a third, Magnitogorsk

Evidence FYP1 wasn't as successful 2

House building and other consumer industries were neglected.

Ineffective central co ordination

When was second five year plan

1933-1937

What were the aims of the Second Five Year Plan 4

-continue growth of heavy industry

-boost light industry

-develop communications

-foster engineering and tool making

Evidence to support success of Second Five Year Plan 5

The good years 1934-6.

Moscow Metro opened 1935,

Volga Canal 1937 and Hydro electric power dam 1932. Largest dam in Europe !

New metals such as copper tin and zinc were mined for the first time.

Steel output trebled, coal output doubled

When was the Soviet Union self sufficient in metal goods and machine tools

1937

Evidence that Second Five Year Plan wasn't successful 3

Oil production failed to meet targets,

no increase in consumer goods,

emphasis on quantity not quality continued

When was the Third Five Year Plan?

1938-42

What were the aims of the Third Five Year Plan 3

renewed emphasis on heavy industry.

-promoted rapid rearmament

-complete the transition to communism.

Evidence that Third Five Year Plan wasn't successful/ had limited success 2

Some strong growth in machinery and engineering but this varied across the country.

Resources directed to rearmament, spending doubled between 1938-40 which had an adverse effect on other industries.

More evidence that Third Five Year Plan success was limited 3

Steel production stagnated,

oil crisis as failed to meet targets,

consumer goods suffered

What were the biggest problems with the Third Five Year Plan 4

The biggest problems with the third five year plan, were the dearth of good managers, specialists and technicians following Stalin's purges,

an exceptionally hard winter in 1938,

the diversion of funds into rearmament and defence.

Also plan disrupted due to German invasion.

Stalin's great turn in agriculture

Collective farming where agricultural workers were employed on large factory farms

When was collectivisation of farms introduced

1929

Collectivisation stage one 2

Annihilation of kulaks as a class due to suspected grain hoarding, red army and Cheka destruction of peasant households.

Dizzy with success, blamed hostility of collectivisation onto local officials and slowed collectivisation down

By March 1930 how many peasant households had been collectivised?

58%

When was Collectivisation stage 2? (to and from)

1930-41

Machine Tractor Stations 4

Collective farms could use capital acquired by the efforts of members to invest in machinery and then share the equipment.

The MTSs were an example of this.

Encouraged mechanization of agriculture since individual peasant would not have been in position to purchase such a high capital item as a tractor.

MTSs were established throughout the countryside during the First Five Year Plan.

Limitations to collectivisation 4

Dekulakisation removed 10 million of the most successful farmers,

Grain and livestock destroyed by peasants which did not recover until 1953,

grain output did not exceed pre collectivisation levels until 1935, poorly organised collectives,

famine in the Ukraine 1932 due to drought

How long could you be jailed for for stealing from the collective

10 years

What did the peasants refer to as collectivisation

The second serfdom

Summarise the organisation of the soviet economy 4

State capitalism 1917-18

War communism 1918-21

NEP 1921-28

Central planning 1928-1941