Biology - Unit 6 Vocab

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when electrons are shared between two atoms

hydrogen bond

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule

ion

an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge

ionic bond

a chemical bond formed when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom

intramolecular bonds

bonds between atoms that form molecules (wit

intermolecular bonds

bonds between molecules outside of a molecule

molecule

a group of two or more atoms that are held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds

non polar covalent bonds

a type of bond that occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other

polar covalent bond

a bond that exists between two atoms consisting of electrons that are unevenly distributed

polar molecule

a molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative

surface tension

The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules

ph

A measure of how acidic or basic a substance or solution is

adhesion

the binding or attraction between dissimilar molecules, atoms, surfaces, or substances

cohesion

the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind

amino acid

molecules that bind to form proteins

carbohydrate

the body's major source of energy

dehydration synthesis

The process of combination of two molecules with the elimination of water molecules

deoxyribonucleic acid

dna

disaccharide

a type of carbohydrate that consists of two monosaccharides linked together

hydrolysis reaction

a larger molecule forms two (or more) smaller molecules and water is consumed as a reactant

hydrophilic

having a strong affinity for water

hydrophobic

tending to repel or fail to mix with water

lipid

fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions in your body

macromolecules

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer

monomers

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

monosaccharide

the simplest units of carbohydrates and the simplest form of sugar. They are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates

nucleic acid

large nitrogen-containing polymers found mainly in cell nuclei

nucleotide

the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)

organic compound

a chemical compound that contains carbon atoms that are attached to hydrogen atoms with covalent bonds

peptide bond

a covalent bond that links amino acids together to form a protein

polypeptide

A substance that contains many amino acids (the molecules that join together to form proteins)

polysaccharide

a long-chain carbohydrate made up of smaller carbohydrates called monosaccharides that's typically used by our bodies for energy or to help with cellular structure

protein

A molecule made up of amino acids. They are the basis of body structures, such as skin and hair

cation

more protons than electrons, so has slighting positive charge when donated

anion

when received; more electrons than protons so atom is slighting negative charged

function of carbohydrates

• structure

• fast source of energy and raw materials for plants and animals

carbohydrate monomer

monosaccharides/simple sugars

• glucose

• fructose

carbohydrate polymer

polysacchardies and disacchardies

carbohydrate examples

• starch

• cellulose

• chitin

• glycogen

starch

plants store energy

cellulose

building plant cell walls

chitin

fungus cell walls and outer shell of insects

glycogen

animals store energy in liver and muscles

lipids function

• long term energy storage molecules

• cushions vital organs

• insulates body

lipid monomer

glycerol and fatty acids

lipid polymer

phospolipid

lipid examples

• triglyceride

• phospholipid - cell membrane

• steroids - makes hormones

protein functions

• enzymes - regulates chemical reactions

• antibodies - defends from diseases

• hormones

• makes reactions go faster

• helps immune system

protein monomer

amino acid

protein polymer

polypeptide

protein examples

• hormones

• antibodies

• enzymes

nucleic acid functions

• stores genetic info and codes

• heredity

• making dna

• protein synthesis

• making rna

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotides

nucleic acid polymer

polynucleotide

nucleic acid examples

• dna

• rna

• atp = source of energy for use and storage at cellular level