Westward expansion + Industrialization.

A ??? was an area set aside by the government for Indian use.

Reservation

What were the two main threats for Native American civilizations?

Diseases and the destruction of buffalo herds.

What tribe resisted white settlement, killing 400 settlers and starting a war?

Sioux

What was the Sand Creek Massacre?

A massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians after they were offered shelter by US militia in 1864.

What was the name for the continuous conflict between Indian nations and the US government?

The Indian Waves

What did the United States’ Indian Peace Commission conclude?

Peace could only be achieved if Native Americans adapted to the white way of life.

What was the Treaty of Fort Laramie?

• Government would not take Sioux land and would abandon forts in Sioux territory.

• Government could build a school and other communal buildings

• Sioux would live on federal reservation under federal supervision and support.

What was the Bureau of Indian Affairs?

• Handled relations between Native Americans and the US government.

• Worked to maintain peaceful relations between Native American reservations and white settlers.

• Although they meant well, they often lacked the resources to fulfill their promises, which bred distrust of the US government.

What was the Long Walk of the Navajos?

• 1863, US forces destroyed much of the Navajos land, forcing them to surrender in 1864.

• The Navajoes were then made to march 300 miles to a reservation in New Mexico.

• They were forced to live alongside their Apache enemies

• After 4 years, the Navajoes were allowed to return home.

What happened after the US government failed to uphold the 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge?

The Kiowas and Comanches rebelled against US control.

Battle of Little Big Horn

• Black Hills Gold Rush drew many white settlers to the Dakotas and Montana, areas that were supposed to be protected by the Treaty of Fort Laramie.

• Sioux forces led by “Crazy Horse” and “Sitting Bull” fought to drive out white settlers.

• US “George Custer” led his men to ambush 2000 Sioux warriors. Motivated by revenge, they captured the war party.

The Ghost Dance Rebellion

A Religious Revival with preached a ritual would banish white settlers and restore the buffalo. “Sitting Bull” led the rebellion.

What battle marks the end of major Indian resistance to white expansion?

Battle of Wounded Knee

What did reformers believe Indians had to give up before they could become Americans?

Their Tribal loyalties.

What act encouraged Indians to become private property owners and farmers?

The Dawes General Allotment Act of 1887

What were the details of the Dawes General Allotment Act of 1887?

• Each Indian family was given 160 Acres of land

• Tribal practices were outlawed on the land

• Boarding schools were established by reformers and missionaries.

Discovery of what metal brought waves of expansion to the west?

Gold and Sliver.

What was the name of towns that arose when Gold and Sliver were found, but then died when the mines ran out of minerals?

Boomtowns

What were Boom Towns called after they died?

Ghost Towns

How did Congress encourage the construction of the transcontinental railroad?

• Provided cheap loans to builders working on the railroad

• Made land grants where companies could construct railroads.

What immigrants were used in the transcontinental railroad?

Chinese in the west, Irish in the east.

Where was the transcontinental railroad completed?

Promontory, Utah.

What was the Open Range system?

A system which was established under which property was not fenced in and livestock could graze freely.

When was the Open Range system used?

1865-1880

What lead to the end of the Open Range system?

The invention of Barbed Wire.

What was the Homestead Act of 1862?

Government offered farm plots of 160 Acres to anyone willing to…

• Live on the land for 5 years

• Dig a well

• Build a road

What were Exodusters?

Former slaves from the south who founded communities in Kansas and Oklahoma, creating all-black towns.

What was the Morill Act of 1862?

Established Land grants to states to establish agricultural colleges.

What shifted the majority of farming from family to commercial in the 1880s?

Droughts and Blizzards.

What resource was in short supply in the West?

Water

When was the frontier declared ‘closed’ and why?

1890, due to the fact that white settlement had reached most areas of the country.

The growth of the American economy was due in part to the large base of ???

Natural Resources

What can Iron Ore be turned into?

Iron, and steel.

At the end of the Irish potato famine, more Irish people lived in ??? then in Ireland.

The United States of America.

Who used a steam engine to create the first successful oil well?

Edwin Drake

The Oil Industry grew quickly after…

1859

Where did Steel production skyrocket?

In the Midwest, and around the great lakes.

After the civil war a large amount of ??? and some ??? immigrated to the USA.

Europeans, Asians.

What drove American Farmers to seek job in cities?

Droughts and Competition from Foreign Farmers.

What are Entrepreneurs?

People who build and manage businesses or enterprises in order to make a profit.

What did Entrepreneurs invest for the chance of success?

Time and Money

What is Free Enterprise?

The freedom to run a business for profit with minimal regulation from the government.

What policies allowed businesses to operate under minimal government regulation?

Laissez-Faire

What are Tariffs?

Taxes on Imported Goods.

Why did Protective Tariffs exist, and how did they work?

To incentive the American Public to buy from American made goods, by making Imported goods from other countries more expensive.

What is a Patent?

A grant by the federal government giving the inventor the exclusive right to develop and sell an invention for a set period of time. (Maximum of 25 years.)

Where and when did Thomas Edison establish a research laboratory?

New Jersey in 1876.

How many parents did Edison receive?

Over 1000

When did Edison and his team invent the light bulb?

1880

Who improved upon Edison’s work on the light bulb by creating a filament that shined brighter and lasted longer?

Lewis Latimer

Who developed the technology that allowed electricity to be moved over long distances? (Alternating Current)

George Westinghouse

Who perfected telegraph technology?

Samuel Morse

Who patented the telephone?

Alexander Graham Bell

By 1900 there were ??? telephones in the USA.

1 million.

Who invented the wireless telegraph, that eventually led to the radio?

Guglilmeo Marconi

Who developed a bethod for purifying iron to make strong, lightweight steel?

Henry Bessemer

What was the name of the process that made cheaper, stronger, and more lightweight steel?

The Bessemer Process

Who patented air brakes for trains?

George Westinghouse.

Who constructed the Yulee Railroad?

David Levy Yulee

Who developed a railroad from Jacksonville to Miami?

Henry Flagler

Who constructed a railroad that connected Tampa to the growing network of Florida Railroads?

Henry Plant

What were the 3 main reasons the south lagged behind the north?

• Lack of Public Education

• Low Wages

• Few Banks survived the Civil War

What destroyed the south’s cotton in the 1890s?

The Boll Weevill.

What is a corporation?

A type of business where ownership is shared among investors.

What does a corporation have the rights of?

An Individual.

What is horizontal integration?

Buying out your competitors.

What is vertical integration?

Owning the required business for different steps of manufacturing. (Mines, Railroads, Factories, etc.)

When you think of Horizontal Integration, what business should you think of?

Standard Oil

When you think of Vertical Integration, what business should you think of?

Andrew Carnegie’s Steel Tycoon.

Who owns Standard Oil?

John D. Rockefeller

Who owned a massive Steel Tycoon?

Andrew Carnegie

What is a Robber Baron?

The negative name for large business owners.

What is a Captain of Industry?

The postive name for large business owners.

Social Darwinism

• Survival of the fittest, but economically.

• Used to Justify monopolies, cartels, and trusts.

• Wealth = Value

What is a trust?

When stock in a corporation is assigned not to an individual but a board of trustees.

What monitors railroad rates which crossed state lines?

Interstate Commerce Commission. (ICC)

What did the Sherman Anti-trust Act do?

Outlawed any trust that operated in resistant of trade or commerce among several states.

Who made up the majority of factory workers in the 1880s-1890s?

Immigrants.

What were Sweatshops?

Businesses where workers worked long hours in small, hot, dark and dirty workhouses.

Who mainly worked at Sweatshops?

Women

By the end of the 1800s, how many children between 10 and 15 worked rather than go to school?

1 in 5

Whats the name for isolated towns near factories where workers could live?

Company Towns

What did workers who were unhappy with Company towns call the system?

Wage Slavery

What was the first national labor union?

National Trades Union

What Union did Uriah Stephens start?

The Knights of Labor

What did The Knights of Labor start out as?

A secret society.

What did Samuel Gompers do?

He helped found the American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• Wasn’t a single union, it was a loose group of many different unions.

• Opposed women and African Americans entering the union

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

What was the first major strike about?

Railroad workers.

What happened at the Haymarket Riot?

Thousands of workers in Chicago protested for a 8 hour workday, and gathered at Haymarket. A protester threw a bomb, killing a policeman, causing a frenzy that killed dozens of people.

What strike was shut down by the Supreme Court for violating the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

The Pullman Strike

Up until the 1870s, what was the religion of the majority of immigrants?

Protestants

What is Chain Immigrants?

People who immigrated to the US due to someone who had arrived earlier.

What are push and pull factors?

Push factors are reasons why immigrants want to leave their home country, and pull factors are reasons why immigrants want to go to a certain country.

What were the main 2 processing stations for immigrants?

Ellis Island and Angel Island

What is Navtivism?

The belief that native, white Americans were better than “new” immigrants.

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

An act passed in 1882 that prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers and limited the rights of Chinese immigrants, along with preventing natural born Chinese people from automatically getting citizenship. (The last part was overturned in 1898.)

In 1898, Congress passed a law prohibiting the entry of any immigrant who was ???

• A Criminal

• Immoral

• Pauper

• Likely to need public assistance

What did Mary Harris Jones, also known as Mother Jones, do?

She fought for union rights of coal miners.