HSI chapter 6 mechanisms of disease

what are the three main types of pathogenic animals

nematode, platyhelminth, and arthropod

what nematode type symptoms are intentional roundworm infestation, gastrointestinal obstruction, and bronchial damage

ascaris organisms

what are the three types of platyhelminth

schistosoma organisms, fasciola organisms, and taenia organisms

what is schistosomiasis

snail fever

what are the two types of arthropod

arachnida organisms and insecta

Bacilli

large, rod-shaped cells found singly or in groups

signs

objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient

symptoms

subjective abnormalities felt only by the patient

syndrome

a collection of different signs and symptoms, usually with a common cause that presents a distinct picture of a pathological condition.

disease

the condition or syndrome, as we defined by a set of signs and symptoms

acute disease

appear suddenly, persist for a short time then disappears

chronic disease

develop slowly and last for a long time, maybe life

etiology

the study of all factors involved in causing a disease

morbidity

disease rates in specific populations

mortality

numbers of death caused by specific diseases

idiopathic

disease with undetermined causes

communicable/infectious

disease that can be transmitted from one individual to another

pathogenesis

actual mechanism of a disease’s development

incubation

latent stage or hidden stage

remission

when chronic diseases start to reverse the signs and symptoms that seems to be recovery

endemic

a disease native to a local region

epidemic

disease spreads to many individuals at the same time within a defined geographical region

pandemic

epidemics that spread throughout the world

casual relationships

establish the cause of the disease outbreak

coincidental relationship

events that coincide by chance

pathophysiology

study of underlying physiological processes associated with disease

genetic mechanism

occurs when mutated genes cause production of abnormal proteins

mutated genes

produce abnormal proteins that do not perform their originally intended function

infectious mechanism

occurs when pathogenic organisms or particles damage the body in some way

pathogenic

disease causing

parasite

an organism that lives in or on another organism to obtain its nutrients

neoplastic mechanism

occurs when abnormal tissue growths or neoplasms develop

neoplasms

abnormal tissue growth that is either benign tumors or malignant tumors

traumatic mechanisms

involves injury by physical or chemical agents

metabolic mechanisms

include malnutrition or endocrine imbalances that cause insufficient or imbalanced intake of nutrients

inflammatory mechanisms

primary mechanism or commonly occurring disease mechanism that can be involved along with other mechanism

inflammation

refers to the set of reactions of the immune system that often includes pain, redness, swelling, and warmth

autoimmunity

is a faulty response or overreaction of the immune system that causes it to attack the body

degeneration

breaking apart of tissues occurs by means of many still unknown processes

risk factors

do not actually cause a disease but many put one at risk for developing it

genetic factors

an inherited trait that puts a person at a greater than normal risk for developing a certain disease

gene pool

ethnic group

age factors

biological and behavioral variations inherent during different phases of the human life cycle put us at greater risk for developing certain diseases at certain times in life

lifestyle factors

the way we live and work

stress factor

physical, psychological, or emotional stress can put us at risk for headaches, chronic high blood pressure, depression, heart disease, and cancer

psychogenic disorders

conditions caused by psychological factors (mind-caused)

environmental factors

climate and pollution can cause injury or disease

preexisting conditions

or primary condition can put someone at risk for developing a secondary condition this affects our capacity to defend ourselves against a further attack.

virus

intercellular parasites that consist of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a lipoprotein envelope

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus is a RNA containing retrovirus

retrovirus

uses its RNA to transcribe backward to produce the virus’s primary genetic code and insert it into the host’s DNA genome

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome which forms if an HIV infection progresses to stage 3

which viruses are DNA viruses

HPV, hepatitis B, herpes simplex 1 and 2, EBV

which viruses are RNA viruses

influenza A,B,C, HIV, flavivirus, paramyxovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, hepatitis A and C ebolavirus

coronaviruses

RNA virus characterized by a “crown” of surface projections when viwed under an electron microscope. use RNA host to produce their own viral enzymes and structural proteins needed to replicate

what is the second leading cause to the common cold

coronavirus

what is the first leading cause of the common cold

rhinoviruses

SARS-associated coronavirus

SARSCoV

SARS

severe acute respiratory syndrome

flaviviruses

RNA viruses that are transmitted less directly than coronaviruses. move from infected bird or another animal to a a mosquito or other biting insect and then finally to human host

which are flavivirus (yellow viruses)

yellow fever, dengue, west nile virus, and zika virus

prion

a shortened form of the phrase protein aceous infection particle. pathogenic protein molecules that can cause misfolding of other proteins in the infected cell

which are formed from prions

bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease, variant creutxfeldt-jakob disease

bacterium

a tiny primitive cell without a nucleus. secrete toxic substances that damage tissue, become parasites inside cells, or form populations in the host body that disrupt normal functions

aerobic

require oxygen

anaerobic

does not require oxygen

what is stained purple by the gram straining technique

gram-positive

micrometers or microns

one millionth of a meter

bacilli

large rod shaped cells found singly or in groups

cocci

large round bacteria found singly, in pairs, in strings, or in clusters

diplococci

bacteria found in pairs

streptococci

bacteria found in strings

staphylocci

bacteria found in clusters

curved or spiral rods

curved rods arranged singly or in strands, large curved or spiral cells arranged singly or in cell colonies

small bacteria

round or oval bacteria that are very very small that we once thought they were a virus

which are bacillus bacteria

bacillus organisms, clostridium organisms, enterobacteriaceae organisms, pseudomonas organisms

which bacteria is coccus bacteria

staphylococcus organisms, streptococcus organisms, neisseria organisms

which bacteria is curved or spiral rod bacteria

vibrio organisms, campylobacter organisms, spirochetes

which bacteria is small bacterium bacteria

rickettsia organisms and chlamydia organisms

spores

bacteria that can develop into resistant dormant forms ( resistant to chemicals, heat, and dry conditions)

archaea

microbes of another type that are similar to bacteria (different chemical makeup and metabolism). thrive in extremely harsh environments that are very hot, very acid, or very salty.

fungi (mushroom)

simple organisms that are similar to plants without chlorophyll

what are examples of fungus

candida organisms, epidermophyton and microsporum organisms, histoplasma organisms, aspergillus organisms, coccidioides organisms

mycotic infections

fungal infections, resist treatment

protozoa

one celled organisms that are larger than bacteria and whose DNA is organized in a nucleus. cause disease by parasitizing cells or directly destroying them

amebas

large cells of changing shape. extend membrane to form pseudopodia (false feet)

flagellates

protozoa similar to amebas but move by wiggling long, whiplike extensions called flagella

ciliates

protozoa move by mean sof many short hairlike projections called cilia

sporozoa

protozoa with unusual organelles at their tips that allow them to enter host cells. often oscillate between between two different hosts can cause malaria

which protozoan is ameba

entamoeba organisms and naegleria fowleri

which protozoans are flagellate

giardia organisms and trichomonas organisms

which protozoans are ciliate

balantidium organisms

which protozoans are sporozoan

isopora organisms, plasmodium organisms, toxoplasma organisms

metazoa

pathogenic aniamls that are large multicellular organisms

nematodes

large parasites also called roundworms, often transmitted by food or by flies that bite

platyhelminths

large parasites, flatworms and flukes, that can infest several different human organs causes snail fever

arthropods

group of parasites that include mites, ticks, lice, and fleas.

vector

an organism that spreads disease to other organisms

aseptic technique

killing ir disabling pathogens on surfaces before they can spread to other people

vaccine

a killed or attenuated pathogen or part of a pathogen that is given to a person to stimulate immunity