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The German social theorist Jurgen Habermas coined the term _________________ to refer to the unique space for public debate that the mass media provide in modern societies.
a. freedom of the press
b. public sphere
c. journalistic objectivity
d. dominant ideology
b. public sphere
According to lecture, ___________ are the set of institutional arrangements that shape the production, distribution, and consumption of media messages.
a. media systems
b. intellectual property regimes
c. telecommunication systems
d. conglomeration strategies
a. media systems
According to the lecture, media ____________ the dominant ideology of any society.
a. only reproduce and reinforce
b. both reinforce and contest
c. only challenge and contest
d. never influence
b. both reinforce and contest
According to class discussion, __________ and ____________ are major challenges for the democratic functioning of the contemporary public sphere.
a. advertisers // mass audiences
b. fake media content // subscriptions
c. advertising agencies // niche audiences
d. misinformation // information overload
d. misinformation // information overload
According to the lecture, the Squidbillies producers' creative vision and autonomy to make decision about the show's content within format and budgetary constraints is an example of ___________ of media workers.
a. structural forces
b. intellectual property
c. circumscribed agency
d. industry lore
c. circumscribed agency
According to the lecture, all of the following are examples of structural constraints commonly faced by media producers and professionals, EXCEPT:
a. audience ratings
b. genres, formats and scripts
c. advertising
d. creative improvs
d. creative improvs
According to the textbook, in the 21st century ___________ has been replaced by _____________, a strategy that focuses on producing commodities that are more tailored to niche audiences.
a. mass production // mass customization
b. the information economy // mass production
c. just-in-time production // customization
d. mass distribution // cross promotion
a. mass production // mass customization
According to the textbook, following the logics of mass customization of media products, __________ maximizes profits by minimizing the time between incurring costs of production and receiving revenues for the sale of media products.
a. mass production
b. differential promotion
c. windowing
d. just-in-time production
d. just-in-time production
Doyle argues that media markets are "dual product markets" because they sell ___________ and ______________.
a. media content // subscriptions
b. advertising to consumers // content to viewers
c. audiences to advertisers // content to viewers
d. advertising agencies // niche audiences
c. audiences to advertisers // content to viewers
According to the readings, information and media products have characteristics of a public good because they:
a. can be subsidized by the government
b. are always good for the public and everyone should should have access to them
c. can be funded by individual contributions
d. are not destroyed or used up when we consume them
d. are not destroyed or used up when we consume them
As we discussed in class, Spotify Premium is an example of a ____________, a good for which you individually pay but your consumption does not subtract from other people's abilities to consume it.
a. private good
b. collective good
c. commons
d. public good
b. collective good
According to the lecture, ____________ refers to irrecoverable costs that are incurred in the production of media and information goods.
a. production cost
b. subsequent copy cost
c. reproduction cost
d. sunk cost
d. sunk cost
According to the textbook, most countries started their broadcasting systems in the 20th century under a ___________ with the rare exception of the U.S. which privileged ___________ operations since the rise of the first national radio networks.
a. commercial media mandate // public
b. public media mandate // commercial
c. community media mandate // government
d. government media mandate // community
b. public media mandate // commercial
According to Doyle, ____________ occur(s) when a media firm uses its existing content productions to diversify into related markets of other media products, reducing costs and increasing profits.
a. economies of scope
b. horizontal integration
c. economies of scale
d. vertical integration
a. economies of scope
Warcraft: The Beginning, and American action fantasy films based on the popular game Warcraft, generated box office revenues of $433,5 million in 2016. This is an example of how:
a. media operate as dual product markets
b. economies of scale operate in media businesses maximizing profits
c. media products are essentially public goods
d. economies of scope operate in media businesses maximizing profits
d. economies of scope operate in media businesses maximizing products
Since the last episode of "Seinfeld" aired in 1996, NBC has made profits for almost $2 billion in re-runs and licensing fees paid by other media outlets that broadcast the series. This is an example of how:
a. media operate as dual product markets
b. economies of scale operate in media businesses maximizing profits
c. media products are essentially public goods
d. economies of scope operate in media businesses maximizing profits
b. economies of scale operate in media businesses maximizing profits
According to the readings and the lecture, media industries engage in intentional overproduction in order to:
a. meet the information needs of all audiences
b. minimize the unpredictability of media markets
c. create artificial scarcities of media products
d. All of the above
b. minimize the unpredictability of media markets
According to the textbook, _______ refers to strategies employed by media industries to control the availability of media content and increase its desirability and demand.
a. blockbuster
b. ars longa
c. artificial scarcity
d. branded entertainment
c. artificial scarcity
________________ refers to the practice of media industries releasing content on a staggered schedule for different platforms or markets, such as a movie released in theaters --> DVD --> paid TV --> broadcast, in order to build excitement and encourage consumption.
a. circuit of culture
b. dual products market
c. conglomeration
d. windowing
d. windowing
In 2015, the merger between Comcast and Time Warner - the two largest cable companies in the country - was called off after the FTC raised anti-trust concerns over the ________ of these companies.
a. cross-promotion
b. vertical integration
c. media divergence
d. horizontal integration
d. horizontal integration
AT&T acquired Direct TV in 2015, and in 2018 AT&T completed the acquisition of Time Warner Inc, bringing under its umbrella global media and entertainment leaders Warner Bros., HBO and Turner. According to the lecture, this is an example of __________.
a. cross promotion
b. vertical integration
c. media conglomeration
d. horizontal integration
c. media conglomeration
According to the lecture, which of the following shows is the BEST example of format sales in the television industry?
a. Friends
b. I Love Lucy
c. Game of Thrones
d. American Idol
d. American Idol
According to the lecture, the missions or mandate of media institutions is important because it:
a. determines who pays for them, who is served, and how 'success' is achieved
b. determines the ideological perspective sponsored by editorial lines
c. establishes who is hired and what kind of work they will do
d. indicates what technologies are adopted and how they are used
a. determines who pays for them, who is served, and how 'success' is achieved
According to the lecture, the dominant commercial media model in the US is shifting, becoming more dependent on _________ than on __________.
a. advertising // paid content
b. advertising //general tax revenues
c. paid content // advertising
d. individual contributions // paid content
c. paid content // advertising
According to the lecture, what is the most significant change experienced in the sources of funding of US commercial media over the last decade?
a. the diversification of funding sources beyond ads and subscriptions
b. the increasing dependence on advertising-based revenues
c. the increasing dependence on donations and sponsorships
d. the use of public funding to cover the decrease of commercial sources
a. the diversification of funding sources beyond ads and subscriptions
According to the textbook, when commercial media outlets evaluate their success, they are most concerned with:
a. how people's information needs are served
b. number of individual contributions
c. profits and ratings
d. a and b
c. profits and ratings
According to the lecture, which of the following is NOT a consequence of increasing competition for advertising dollars among commercial media organizations in the country?
a. decreasing advertising investment across all media platforms
b. diversification of revenue streams and business models
c. decreasing audience engagement and attention to media products
d. new and more subtle modes of advertising like branded content
a. decreasing advertising investment across all media platforms
Which of the following is NOT one of strengths of commercial media systems?
a. they create innovation by competition
b. they try to serve a wide variety of groups in society
c. they value efficiency
d. they are less likely to be under government influence
b. they try to serve a wide variety of groups in society
According to the lecture, nowadays media systems worldwide tend to have _____________ with the dominance of _______________ operations.
a. mixed mandates // public
b. commercial mandates // advertising
c. non-commercial mandates // community media
d. mixed mandates // commercial
d. mixd mandates // commercial
Which of the following is NOT a common justification of government and public control of broadcasting?
a. the airwaves are considered a public resource and have to be managed by the government
b. the government promotes sustainability of broadcasting business managing the spectrum
c. broadcasting media's great political and social power
d. the government applies better standards for industrial efficiency and productivity
d. the government applies better standards for industrial efficiency and productivity
According to the textbook, non-profit media are:
a. more exposed to government interference than commercial media
b. more likely to foster competition in the marketplace
c. less open to amateur and citizen production
d. likely to be censored by corporate interests
a. more exposed to government interference than commercial media
According to the lecture, most of the funding of the BBC comes from ________ while most of the revenues of the US' PBS come from ___________.
a. advertising // taxes
b. license fees on TV sets // individual contributions and donations
c. individual contributions and donations // sponsorships
d. taxes // advertising
b. license fees on TV sets // individual contributions and donations
According to the lecture, which of the following is an example of governmental media?
a. National Public Radio (NPR)
b. Amherst Media
c. The Voice of America (VOA)
d. WMUA
c. The Voice of America (VOA)
Amherst media is a non-profit, local media operation that serves the public, educational and government needs of residents of Amherst. According to the lecture, this is an example of:
a. commercial media
b. advertising-funded media
c. governmental media
d. community media
d. community media
According to the lecture, when non-commercial or non-profit media outlets evaluate their success, they are most concerned with:
a. how people's information needs are served
b. the social impact of their work
c. profits and ratings
d. a and b
d. a and b
According to the lecture, the global internet has developed as a _____________.
a. decentralized network with no hierarchy in which all nodes are connected to each other
b. decentralized hierarchal network in which not all nodes are connected to each other
c. distributed network with no hierarchy in which all nodes are connected to each other
d. distributed, hierarchal network in which not all nodes are connected to each other
b. decentralized hierarchal network in which not all nodes are connected to each other
According to the lecture, Paul Baran and others early internet developers in 1960's conceived the original Net architecture as a ____________.
a. decentralized network with no hierarchy in which all nodes are connected to each other
b. decentralized hierarchal network in which not all nodes are connected to each other
c. distributed network with no hierarchy in which all nodes are connected to each other
d. distributed, hierarchal network in which not all nodes are connected to each other
c. distributed network with no hierarchy in which all nodes are connected to each other
Under the commercial media mandate, media companies cater to the preferences and needs of consumers and advertisers.
a. True
b. False
a. True
According to the lecture, price differentiation strategies like the one follow by Spotify Premium seek to create artificial scarcities of information services and increase their appeal.
a. True
b. False
a. True
in 1995, Disney studios bought the ABC TV network and all its media properties. This is an example of horizontal integration.
a. True
b. False
b. False