Learn: ANSC 222 Exam 1

Atomical Position

Feet/hooves on the ground, looking forward

Frontal/Dorsal

divides into dorsal and ventral halves

Medial/Sagittal

divides into left and right halves

Transverse

divides into cranial and caudal halves

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment

Distal

further from the point of attachment

Cranial/Caudal

directional terms for a point above the knee

Dorsal/Palmer

directional terms for a point below the knee on the front foot

Dorsal/Planter

directional terms for a point below the knee on the back foot

Rostral

toward the nose

Body Cavities

Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

Thoracic

heart and lungs

Abdominal

digestive system

Pelvic

exception and reproductive system

Cells and Collagen Fibers

Bone is composed of:

Calcium and Phosphate

Bones store:

Levers for locomotion

Bones are:

Tubercular (Spongey, Cancellous) and Cortical (Compact)

Bone structures

Tubercular Bone

High volume, Low weight

Trabecular-cavity walls

Cortical Bones

Low volume, High weight

Blood vessels - run in the Haversian canal

Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts

Types of Bone Cells

Osteoblasts

Bone forming

Osteocytes

Form osteoblasts "trapped" in the matrix

Osteoclasts

Resorb Bone and Recycles Calcium for use Elsewhere

Intramembranous Formation

Bone condensation, skull and facial bones, thickens long bones

Endochonral Ossification

Cartilage model, primary ossification center, lengthens long bones

Growth Plate Fuses

When do animals stop growing

Bone Remodeling Function

Blood mineral homeostasis, repairs cracks, adapts to stress

Bone Remodeling

1. Osteoclasts demineralize and digest bone

2. Osteoblasts recruited

- lay down osteoid

- osteoid in mineralized into bone

3. Osteocytes within new bone

- connected by cell extensions

Bone Repair

1. Blood clots, damaged bone removed by macrophages

2. Proliferation of connective tissue surrounding fracture

3. Bone callus formation

- Both endochondral and intramembraneous bone formation unite broken ends

4. Remodeling produces normal tissue

- gradual return to activity

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Types of Muscles

Skeletal Muscles

Voluntary, striated, long fibers

Multinucleated - fusion of myoblasts

Exercise induces hypertrophy

Cardiac Muscles

Involuntary, striated

Mono-nucleated

Exercise induces hypertrophy

Intercalated Disks

Does not normally divide

Smooth Muscles

Involuntary, not striated

Mon-nucleated

Strengthen through hyperplasia

Hyperplasia

rapid cell division

Hypertrophy

Cell volume increases

Neuromuscular Junction

What is the circled structure

Smooth Muscle

Wall of organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, skin

Many functions including food moving through tract, and regulation of blood vessel diameter

Skeletal Muscle

Bone

Body Movement

Cardiac Muscle

Heart

Pumps blood

Simple Squamous

What is A

Simple Cuboidal

What is B

Simple Columnar

What is C

Pseudo-stratified Ciliated Columnar with Goblet Cells

What is D

Transitional

What is E

Stratified Squamous Nonkeratinizing

What is F

Stratified Squamous Keratinizing

What is G

Diaphysis

What is the red line pointing to

Proximal Epiphysis

What is the blue line pointing to

Distal Epiphysis

What is the green line pointing to

Spongy Bone

What is the blue line pointing to

Trabeculae

What is the green line pointing to

Compact Bone

What is the yellow line pointing to

Medullary Cavity

What is the red line pointing to

Tubules and Lamellae

What is the purple line pointing to

Bone Forming the Proximal Part of the Joint

What is the black line pointing to

Synovial Villi

What is the blue line pointing to

Joint Capsule

What is the green line pointing to

Synovial Fluid

What is the yellow line point to

Articular Process

What is the red line pointing to

Joint Cartilage

What is the purple line pointing to

Subchondral Bone Plate

What is the light blue line pointing to

Bone Forming the Distal Part of the Joint

What is the orange line pointing to

Appendicular Skeleton

What is the blue part

Axial Skeleton

What is the white part

8

How many cranial bone are in humans

14

How many facial bones are in humans

Incisive

1

Nasal

2

Maxilla

3

Lacrimal

4

Zygomatic

5

Frontal

6

Parietal

7

Occipital

8

Mandible

9

Cranial Cavity

A

Frontal Sinus

B

Endoturbinate I

C

Maxillotrubinate

D

Maxilla

E

Incisive

F

Mandible

G

Rostral

What is the blue line pointing to

Body

What is the red line pointing to

Articular Process

What is the blue line pointing to

Ramus

What is the green line pointing to

Frontal

What is outlined in blue

Orbit

What is outlined in green

Nasal

What is outlined in light green

Incisive

What is outlined in yellow

Maxilla

What is outlined in orange

Lacrimal

What is outlined in purple

I-Band, H-Band, Z-Line, A-Band

Types of Bands

Know what is happening (Lecture 3)

Relaxed muscle

Contracting muscle

Fully contracted muscle

Z-Disk

What is the black areas

A-Band

What is the blue area