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Term 3 content from Grade 12 LO
What are human factors that contribute to ill-health, accidents, crises, and disasters?
Social, religious, and cultural practices are examples of human factors.
What are environmental factors that contribute to ill health and disasters?
Environmental factors include natural phenomena like floods, extreme temperatures, and pollution caused by human activities.
What are lifestyle diseases?
Diseases that result from the way you live, such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.
What is the difference between a natural disaster and an environmental hazard?
A natural disaster is a sudden event caused by nature, while an environmental hazard is a danger or risk caused by human activities.
What are examples of environmental hazards near waste dumps?
Pollution poisoning air, water, and soil; attracting disease-carrying animals like rats and mice; and releasing dangerous waste.
How can disasters lead to trauma?
Disasters can cause serious bodily injury or emotional distress, leading to conditions like PTSD, grief, anger, and depression.
What are some ways to cope with trauma?
Discuss feelings with someone, write in a journal, use your belief system, do relaxation exercises, and set short-term goals.
What factors contribute to lifestyle diseases?
Poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, alcohol, drug abuse, and genetic predispositions.
What is gender discrimination?
Actions that grant or deny opportunities, privileges, and rewards to a person based on their sex.
What is sexual harassment?
Unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, such as requests for sex, rude gestures, or physical assault.
What is domestic violence?
Abuse or violence within the home, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.
What is the Domestic Violence Act?
A law to protect women from abuse, aiming to reduce incidents of domestic violence and provide maximum protection to victims.
What are different types of rape?
Gang rape, date rape, statutory rape, acquaintance rape, and corrective rape.
How can you minimize your chances of being raped?
Walk with someone in well-lit areas, stay aware of your surroundings, and always go with a friend to parties.
What steps should a rape victim take to become a survivor?
Speak out, report the rape to the police, undergo anti-retroviral treatment, and preserve evidence by not washing or changing clothes.
What are some examples of bad lifestyle choices that can lead to ill-health?
Having unprotected sex, smoking, and abusing alcohol.
Define 'accident' in the context of human factors
An accident is an unexpected and unplanned event that results in harm or damage, often caused by human actions, such as driving under the influence.
What is a crisis?
A crisis is an emergency situation that causes great distress and upheaval, often caused by human actions like financial neglect or theft.
Define 'disaster' and give examples of how humans can cause disasters.
A disaster is a great tragedy or devastation. Examples include contamination of water supplies and bombing cities during wars.
What is trauma, and how is it related to disasters?
Trauma is a serious bodily injury or shock, often resulting from disasters, leading to long-term emotional and psychological distress like PTSD.
Name different types of disasters
Water and climate disasters, geological disasters, biological disasters, industrial disasters, nuclear disasters, and man-made disasters.
What are psychological factors that can cause ill-health?
Negative self-image, low self-esteem, and mental stress can lead to or result from physical illness.
How can social factors cause ill-health?
Issues like violence, gender-based violence, and environmental harm (e.g., pollution) can lead to physical and psychological illnesses.
How can religious factors cause ill-health?
Some religious beliefs prevent people from seeking medical help, using condoms, or discourage blood transfusions, which can lead to serious illness or death.
Give an example of harmful cultural practices that affect health.
Female genital mutilation, wife inheritance, and male-child preference, which primarily harm females.
What is meant by 'different knowledge perspectives'?
Different viewpoints or outlooks on health and illness, such as fasting being seen as healthy by some and harmful by others.
What causes cervical cancer in women?
Cervical cancer in women is almost always caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
What are some symptoms of prostate cancer in men?
Delayed urination, slow urinary stream, dribbling or urine leaks, inability to empty the bladder, blood in urine or semen, bone pain in the lower back and pelvic bones.
What is hepatitis B, and what are some symptoms?
Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection that can lead to liver disease and liver cancer. Symptoms include flu-like symptoms, tiredness, itchiness, loss of appetite, dark urine, pain under the ribs, vomiting, nausea, and jaundice.
What is hypertension, and why is it dangerous?
Hypertension is a condition where blood pressure in the arteries is constantly high, leading to potential cardiovascular damage, heart attacks, strokes, and kidney failure.
What is the leading condition contributing to circulatory system disease?
Hypertension is the leading condition contributing to circulatory system diseases, including cardiovascular diseases such as heart disease and strokes.
What is tuberculosis (TB), and how is it spread?
TB is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spread through airborne infectious droplets from coughing, sneezing, or spitting by an infected person.
What are some common sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
Common STIs include syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV, chlamydia, human papillomavirus (HPV), genital herpes, and chancroid.
How does poverty contribute to lifestyle diseases?
Poverty leads to poor sanitation, food insecurity, overcrowding, lack of healthcare access, and exposure to unsafe energy sources, all of which increase the risk of lifestyle diseases.
What are the effects of poverty on health in terms of sanitation and food security?
Poor sanitation leads to diseases, while food insecurity weakens the immune system, increasing vulnerability to infections and illnesses.
How do gender imbalances affect health?
Gender imbalances, such as unequal power relationships, prevent women from accessing healthcare and lead to different health risk patterns between men and women.
What are some examples of how poverty forces women into situations that increase health risks?
Women may engage in sex for money to survive, increasing the risk of HIV and other STIs, and they may be exposed to physical attack and sexual assault when gathering firewood.
What is the link between gender roles and health risk factors?
Different gender roles lead to different lifestyles and health risk factors, influenced by biological differences, reproductive functions, and societal expectations.
What are the contributing factors to lifestyle diseases?
Various factors, including lifestyle choices, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and substance abuse, contribute to lifestyle diseases.
What are some lifestyle factors that contribute to diseases?
Poor diet, lack of physical activity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and risky sexual behavior.
What is an intervention strategy?
An intervention strategy is a way to help, get involved, and do something to prevent or manage lifestyle diseases.
What are some intervention strategies for lifestyle diseases?
Prevention, control, early detection, treatment, care, and support.
What does prevention in lifestyle disease intervention involve?
Prevention involves avoiding, abstaining, and adapting behaviors, such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet.
How can heart and circulatory system diseases be prevented?
By avoiding tobacco products, getting regular exercise, following a heart-healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and going for regular health screenings.
How can sexually transmitted infections (STIs) be prevented?
Abstaining from sexual intercourse, using condoms properly, and having sex only with someone who has been tested for STIs.
How can vaccination help prevent lifestyle diseases?
Vaccinations can prevent certain cancers, such as hepatitis B (which can cause liver cancer) and human papillomavirus (HPV, which can cause cervical cancer).
What is the importance of early detection in managing lifestyle diseases?
Early detection allows for timely treatment, preventing diseases from becoming untreatable or more difficult to manage, and reducing the risk of transmission to others.
What are some examples of early detection strategies for lifestyle diseases?
Cancer screening, regular blood pressure checks for hypertension, and routine STI testing.
What does treatment in lifestyle disease intervention involve?
Treatment involves medical care such as surgery, medication, or chemotherapy to help a person feel better or become healthy again.
How is hypertension treated?
Hypertension can be treated with daily medication to control blood pressure.
How is tuberculosis (TB) treated?
TB is treated with daily medication that must be taken consistently until a doctor advises to stop.
How are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) treated?
Many STIs can be cured with early treatment, but HIV cannot be cured; however, antiretroviral (ARVs) can help manage the disease.
What is the role of care and support in managing lifestyle diseases?
Care and support help ease the stress of illness, provide emotional and psychological assistance, and offer comfort and dignity to those with terminal illnesses.
What services do hospices provide for terminally ill patients?
Hospices provide palliative care, including pain relief, psychological and spiritual care, support for patients to live actively until death, and support for the family.
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