Anatomy Chapter 5 & 3 (Quiz 2)

axon

sends out signal

dendrites

receives information

cell body

contains nucleus, organelles, and conducts metabolic activity

neurons function

detect stimuli, respond quickly and transmit coded information

neuroglia function

protect and assist neurons

skeletal muscle characteristics

long cylindrical muscle fibers, multiple nuclei, striated cells, voluntary control

skeletal muscle location

attached to bone

cardiac muscle characteristics

cardiomyocytes, intercalated discs, striated, involuntary

cardiac muscle location

heart wall

smooth muscle characteristics

short spindle-shaped cells, one central nucleus, no striations, involuntary

smooth muscle location

parts of hollow walls of organs

cutaneous membrane

external surface, dry, serves as protective layer

mucous membrane

lines internal surfaces that open to external environment, absorptive, secretory or protective

serous membrane

lines internal surfaces that do not open to external environment, produces serous fluid

synovial membrane

internal lining of synovial joints, produces synovial membrane

regeneration

replacement of cells by same type of cell as before, restores function

fibrosis

replacement of cells with scar tissue, collagen fibers, does not restore function

cytology

study of cells

passive transport

no energy needed, substances move down gradient

active transport

energy needed, substances move against gradient

glycocalyx

has carbohydrates sticking off external surface, ID tag telling it belongs there, helps anchor other structures

bilayer of membrane

phospholipid

filtration

passive transport, hydrostatic pressure, fluid pushes water and solutes through membrane, blood pressure

diffusion

movement of substance from area of high to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

uses transmembrane proteins to help get molecules across

simple diffusion

small and non polar molecules move through membrane

high temp affect on diffusion

diffusion goes up

molecular weight on on diffusion

higher weight, lower diffusion

steepness of concentration gradient on diffusion

more steep, higher diffusion

membrane surface area on diffusion

higher surface area, higher diffusion

membrane permeability affect on diffusion

higher permeability, higher diffusion

osmosis

diffusion of water across membrane, water follows solute, more rapid that diffusion, aquaporins

carrier mediated transport

specificity, saturation limits, transport maximum

uniport

carrier moves one type of solute

symport,cotransport

carrier moves two or more solutes at the same time in same direction

antiport,countertransport

carrier moves two or more solutes at the same time in opposite directions

primary active transport

pumping solute using atp directly, sodium potassium pump

sodium potassium pump

3 sodium out, 2 potassium in

secondary active transport

atp is used to establish concentration gradient to passively transport another

endocytosis

using vesicles to move molecules in

phagocytosis

cell eating, cell engulfs and ingests large molecules

pinocytosis

cell drinking, cells takes up fluid

receptor mediated endocytosis

uptake of specific molecules by vesicles through binding of receptor proteins

transcytosis

molecules are trapped in vesicle on one side, moved through membrane, and released on the other side

exocytosis

vesicles is formed around substance to exit the cell

electrical potential

difference in concentration of charged particles between one point and another

current

flow of charged particles from one point to another

resting membrane potential

charge difference across plasma membrane

equilibrium potential

no net movement of particular ions across cell membrane

membrane potential characteristics

changes in response to temporary changes in membrane permeability

rmp regarding sodium and potassium

potassium has higher permeability so it leaks out, sodium has low permeability so it is pumped out and potassium brought back in to counteract the leakage