Research Methodology and Educational Theory Flashcards

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering research methodology, academic writing, educational theory, and linguistics based on the lecture transcript.

Research methodology

The study of methods/principles

Scientific problem

A knowledge gap requiring study

Literature review

To analyze existing research

Research hypothesis

It makes a testable prediction

Empirical research

Based on observation

Quantitative research

Research using numerical data

Qualitative research

Uses descriptive data

Scientific ethics

Ensures integrity

Control group

Group not receiving treatment

Independent variable

The variable the researcher manipulates

Dependent variable

The variable being measured

Research sample

A subset of a population

Validity in measurement

The accuracy of a measure

Reliability in measurement

Consistency of results

Research design

To plan the study

Plagiarism

Using work without credit

Peer review

Evaluation by field experts

Abstract

Brief summary of the work

Introduction section

Sets context and goals

Discussion section

Interpretation of results

Methodology section

Description of research steps

Conclusion

Synthesis of main findings

Citations

To reference a source

Reference list

To list all sources used

APA style

A formatting standard

Primary sources

Original research material

Secondary sources

Commentary on primary work

Data analysis

Examining data for patterns

Descriptive statistics

Summary of data features

Inferential statistics

Drawing conclusions from samples

Median

The middle value

Standard deviation

Measure of variation

Correlation

Relationship between variables

Causality

Cause-and-effect relationship

Survey

Used for data collection

Interview

Direct verbal data collection

Observation

Systematically watching events

Focus group

Small group discussion

Content analysis

Analyzing text/media patterns

Case study

In-depth analysis of one unit

Fieldwork

Data collection outside the lab

Archival research

Examining historical documents

Digital ethnography

Studying online behavior

Sampling error

Difference: sample vs population

Random sampling

Equal chance for all

Convenience sampling

Selecting accessible people

Likert scale

Rating scale (e.g., $1-5$)

Open-ended questions

Question requiring description

Closed-ended questions

Question with limited options

Excel

Spreadsheet tool

SPSS

Statistical software

Google Scholar

Academic search engine

Zotero

Citation manager

Transcription

Converting audio to text

Triangulation

Using multiple methods

Longitudinal study

Research over long time

Cross-sectional study

Study at one point in time

Ethics review board

Committee approving ethics

Informed consent

Agreement after information

Anonymity

Not knowing identity

Confidentiality

Keeping data private

Data cleaning

Removing errors from data

Outlier

Data point far from others

Generalization

Applying results to population

Pilot study

Small-scale trial

Fluency

Generating many ideas

Flexibility

Changing approaches easily

Originality

Novelty

Elaboration

Adding detail to ideas

Pedagogical research

Research into teaching

Problem-based learning

Learning via problem-solving

Student-centered learning

Focus on student needs

Curriculum

The plan for teaching

Assessment

Measuring learning

Formative assessment

Ongoing feedback

Summative assessment

Final evaluation

Differentiated instruction

Teaching to individual needs

Inclusion

Supporting all students

Collaboration

Working together

Critical thinking

Questioning and analyzing

Engagement

Active participation

Motivation

Driving force

Reflective practice

Thinking about teaching

Classroom management

Organizing environment

Peer assessment

Students grading peers

Self-assessment

Students grade self

Active learning

Participating in tasks

Scaffolding

Supporting learning steps

Zone of Proximal Development

Learning with support

Brainstorming

Generating ideas

Concept map

Visualizing relationships

Case method

Discussing real-life

Role play

Acting out scenarios

Project-based learning

Learning through projects

Simulation

Imitating reality

Blended learning

Mixing online/offline

Flipped classroom

Home content, class practice

Gamification

Using game elements

Inquiry-based learning

Asking questions

Lifelong learning

Learning throughout life