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cluster C disorders definition
categorical diagnoses associated with personality characteristics relating to fear and anxiety
what can fear and anxiety result from
having to make decisions/do things on one’s own
being inadequate, criticized, rejected by others
not doing things perfectly resulting in inflexibility
key features of avoidant PD
pervasive pattern of avoidance of interpersonal interactions across different areas of life
underlying feeling of inadequacy and fears of things like criticism, disapproval, rejection, shame
reluctance to engage in new activities that put them at risk of embarrassment or criticism
how many symptoms do you need for a diagnosis of avoidant PD
four or more symptoms like
social inhibition
feelings of inadequacy
hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
what FFM traits are associated with avoidant PD
high neuroticism
low extraversion
what pathological traits are associated with avoidant PD
negative affectivity - anxiousness
detachment
withdrawal
anhedonia
intimacy avoidance
impairment in self-functioning → identity for avoidant PD
low self-esteem (biggest symptom) associated with viewing themselves as socially awkward, unappealing or inferior
excessive feelings of shame
impairment in self-functioning → self direction for avoidant PD
unrealistic standards for behavior associated with reluctance to pursue goals, take personal risks, or engage in new activities involving interpersonal contact
not achieving goals due to fear of embarrassment
what is the difference between avoidant PD and social anxiety disorder
severity and pervasive across time
impairment in interpersonal functioning → empathy for avoidant PD
preoccupation with, and sensitivity to, criticism or rejection, associated with distorted interference of others’ perspectives as negative
cant read a persons emotions because of preoccupation
impairment in interpersonal functioning → intimacy for avoidant PD
reluctance to get involved with people unless being certain of being liked
diminished mutuality within intimate relationships because of fear of being shamed or ridiculed
how is avoidant PD different than schizoid
in schizoid, social withdrawal is due to a lack of desire
in avoidant, desire for relationships may exist but avoided - they want relationships but avoid due to anxiety.
is the AVPD in the DSM
yes, it was added to DSM-3 and stayed largely unchanged
AVPD etiology (cause)
temperament: shy, isolated, fear of strangers
very high harm avoidance
low novelty seeking - doesn’t seek out new things due to fear of rejection
how are SAD and AVPD similar
intense fear of criticism, humiliation, or rejection, avoid social interactions to prevent embarrassment,
AVPD may be a variant of SAD when
anxiety of social situations are pervasive across multiple situations
begins in later adolescence/early adulthood
self-concept of inadequacy is present
dependent PD key features
pervaisve and excessive need to be taken care of leading to submissiveness, clinging behaviors, and fears of separation
underlying self-perception of being unable to function without the help of others
what is the prevalence of dependent pd
about 0.6-0.49 rare
is dependent PD in the AMPD
Naur, bc its not very prevalent
how many symptoms are needed for a diagnosis of dependent PD
5 or morew
what is the big symptom of dependent PD
urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a close relationship ends
what FFM traits are associated with dependent PD
high neuroticism
lowish conscientiousness
what pathological traits are associated with dependent PD
negative affectivity
anxiousness
detachment
restricted affectivity
separation insecurity
submissivments
antagonism
attention seeking
self functioning - identity for dependent pd
self worth and identity is dependent on others
looks to others for hobbies, opinions
sense of emptiness and inadequacy when alone
self-fucntioning - self-direction in dependent PD
difficulty making decisions by oneself
defer to others for goal setting (both short (lunch?) and long (kids?) term
interpersonal functioning - empathy in dependent PD
empathy may be fake rather than genuine
seek to appear empathetic to avoid losing relationships
‘people pleasing’
hyperfocus on one’s own needs may lead to misinterpretation of other
interpersonal functioning - intimacy - dependent PD
dependence may lead to ‘clinginess’
may tolerate mistreatment, controlling behaviors, abuse to avoid abandonment
fear of being alone often leads to seeking new romantic relationships following termination
why was DPD almost dropped from DSM-5
rarity and its comorbidity with other disorders
etiology of dependent PD psychodynamic
manifestation of dysfunction from the oral stage of development
etiology of DPD
associated with a fearful attachment style
chronic illness and separation anxiety disorder in childhood/adolescence
potential heritability
what are key differences between separation anxiety and DPD
DPD is long-term and pervasive, dependency on individual may change overtime (like a break up)
Separation anxiety is episodic and can fluctuate over time, the attachment figure is generally consistent
is DPD included in the AMPD
NAUR
why is DPD not included in AMPD
limited empirical support, extensive heterogeneity and comorbidity.
rarity
DPD could be potentially better defined as
‘trait-specific’ dimensional disorder when DPD emerges in the absence of other personality pathology.
