Module 2 Exam

Mountain Men

men hired by eastern companies to trap animals for fur in the Rocky Mountains and other western regions of the United States

Oregon Trail

a 2,000-mile trail stretching through the Great Plains from western Missouri to the Oregon Territory

Mormons

a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Frontier

an undeveloped area

Boomtowns

a Western community that grew quickly because of the mining boom and often disappeared when the boom ended

Manifest Destiny

a belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean

Forty-niners

a gold-seeker who moved to California during the gold rush

Placer miner

a person who mines for gold by using pans or other devices to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock and gravel

Industrial Revolution

a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in mid-1700s

Textiles

cloth

Interchangeable parts

a process developed by Eli Whitney in the 1790s that called for making each part of a machine exactly the same

Mass production

the efficient productions of large numbers of identical goods

Cotton gin

a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to remove seeds from short-staple cotton; revolutionized the cotton industry

Abolition

an end to slavery

Underground Railroad

a network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places

Sectionalism

a devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole

Secede

to formally withdraw from the Union

Popular Sovereignty

the idea that political authority belongs to the people

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery

Pottawatomie Massacre

an incident in which abolitionist John Brown and seven other men murdered pro-slavery Kansans

Lincoln-Douglas debates

a series of debates between Republican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat Stephen Douglas during the 1858 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois

Freeport Doctrine

a statement made by Stephen Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglas debates that pointed out how people could use popular sovereignty to determine if their state or territory should permit slavery

Constitutional Union Party

a political party formed in 1860 by a group of northerners and southerners who supported the Union, its laws, and the Constitution

Confederate States of America

the nation formed by the southern states when the seceded from the Union; also known as the Confederacy

Reconstruction

the period following the Civil War during the U.S. government worked to reunite the nation and rebuilf the southern states

Ten Percent Plan

President Abraham Lincoln plan for Reconstruction once 10 percent of voters in a former Confederate state took a U.S. loyalty oath they could form a new state government and be readmitted to the Union

Freedmen’s Bureau

an agency established by Congress in 1865 to help poor people throughout the South

Radical Republicans

members of Congress who felt that southern states needed to make great social changes before they could be readmitted to the Union

Impeachment

The process used by a legislative body to bring charges of wrongdoing against a public office

Enforcement Acts

Laws passed by Congress that made it a crime to interfere with elections or deny citizens equal protection under the law

Poll tax

A special tax that a person had to pay in order to vote

Segregation

The forced separation of people of different races in public places

Jim Crow laws

A law that enforced segregation in the southern states

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops

Be able to color the United States Map between Union, Confederacy, and Border States

Union States

• Oregon, California, Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, D.C.

Confederacy States

• Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida

Border States

• Maryland, Deleware, Kentucky, Missouri

Why was the Louisiana Purchase important to the growth of the United States?

It doubled the land of the country

Mormon Trail

Religion

Santa Fe Trail

Trade

Oregon Trail

Fertile land

Why did Americans settlers move to Texas?

Americans moved to Texas for the land

Why did the Texans declare independence in 1836

They did not like that Santa Ana made himself dictator

Battle at the Alamo

The Mexican forces destroyed the Texan forces at the Alamo

Mexican American War: Who fought?

Mexico vs. USA

Mexican American War: Why did it happen?

Happened over land border disputes

Mexican American War: What treaty ended the War?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

What was the Bear Flag Revolt?

A group of Americans in California rebelled against the rule of Californios and the Mexican government and declared independence

What did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo state?

Formally ended the Mexican–American War, USA paid Mexico $18 Million, USA received the Mexican Cession (territory)

What types of economic opportunities did many women have during the California gold rush?

Women ran boarding houses, cooked food, cleaned laundry

Why did so many Chinese come to California between 1849-1853?

Chinese came to California to make money and return home

Effects of the Gold Rush

Effects: California became a state, population boom, transcontinental railroad was built

In which country did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Great Britian

Who is credited with bringing the ideas of the Industrial Revolution to the United States?

Samuel Slater

Why did American manufacturing spread slowly?

Americans didn’t want to leave their farms

Rhode Island System

Rhode Island System hired families to work and live in the system

Lowell System

Lowell System hired young women to work in the factories

Telegraph: Who invented?

Samuel FB Morse invented.

Telegraph: Why were they widely used?

Faster communication.

Telegraph: How did they work?

Used electric pulse to pass information

Who invented the cotton gin?

Eli Whitney

Advantage of cotton over other crops

Cotton was lighter than other crops, and could be stored for longer periods of time

Fugitive Slave Act

Northerners were required to assist in the capture of runaway slaves. Many free African Americans were wrongly taken into slavery. Turned some Northerners against Slavery

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Showed the evils of slavery. Southerners hated and said it was fake propaganda

Compromise of 1850

• North: California was admitted as a free state. Slave trade was banned in Washington, DC
• South: Popular sovereignty would be used to determine slavery in the Mexican Cession and Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Goal of the Republican party

Republican party wanted to stop the spread of slavery into the western territories

Dred Scott Decision

1. Scott couldn’t sue because he wasn’t considered a citizen.

2. Slaves are property and property rights are protected under the Constitution.

3. The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

What advantages did the South have in the Civil War?

Best military leaders and were fighting on their home land

What advantages did the North have in the Civil War?

More people, factories, farmland, and railroads

What was the North’s strategy for the Civil War?

Blockade the southern ports, control the Mississippi River and split the South in half, and invade Richmond

What was the South’s strategy for the Civil War?

Defend their land until the North got tired. Seek help from Great Britain (Cotton Diplomacy)

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued: Sept. 22, 1862; Into affect: Jan. 1, 1863. Made the war about slavery by freeing slaves in the areas in rebellion. Allowed African Americans to join Union military

Battle of Gettysburg

July 1-3, 1863

• Union forces were able to win a decisive battle

• Last time the Confederates would enter northern territory

Sherman’s siege of Atlanta and March to the Sea

Sherman laid siege to Atlanta and finally controlled the city. He then set off on a mile-wide path of destruction as he used total warfare to inflict the most damage to the South as he moved to South Carolina

Surrender at Appomattox Court House

April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Court House

Describe the South after the war

Plantations were destroyed, towns were in ruins, starvation, bankrupt and debts

Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction

Lincoln had a lenient plan for Reconstruction: 10 Percent Plan: 10% of voters needed to pledge loyalty to Union

Wade-David Bill

Congressional Republicans’ alternative to Lincoln’s plan

• To be readmitted, a state had to ban slavery, and a majority of adult males had to take a loyalty oath. Only southerners who swore they had never supported the Confederacy could vote or hold office.

• Lincoln refused to sign the bill into law.

13^th Amendment

abolished slavery

14^th Amendment

ll people born or naturalized in the United States are citizens (citizenship rights for African Americans)

15^th Amendment

Barred states from denying African American males the right to vote “on account, of race, color, or previous condition of servitude” (voting rights for African American males)

What was the Freedmen’s Bureau

a government agency set up to assist freed people in the South

Abraham Lincoln’s assassination

Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865

Black Codes

Black codes were laws passed by Southern states to limit the freedom of African Americans

Radical Republican’s goal for Reconstruction

Radical Republicans wanted the federal government to force change in the South during Reconstruction

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Civil Rights Act of 1866: gave African Americans the same equal rights as whites. (led to the 14th Amendment)

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

• Carpetbaggers: Northern Republicans who moved to the South to help with Reconstruction and often became rich from it

• Scalawags: Southerner Republicans who supported the Republican policies on the South

Plessy v. Ferguson

legalized the theory “separate-but-equal”