4.5 Functional groups and types of organic reactions

What is a functional group

A functional group, also commonly simplified to a side chain, is a reactive group of bonded atoms that appear together in a larger molecule

What are the 9 functional groups addressed in grade 12 organic chem

• Alcohol

• Alkyl halides

• Aldehydes

• Ketones

• Amines

• Amides

• Ester

• Ether

• Carboxylic Adic

How are the 9 functional groups different

• Alkyl halides → I, Br, Cl, F attachments

• Alcohols → OH attachment

• Esters → O atoms and carbon-oxygen double bond attached to same carbon

• Ethers → O atoms bonding two hydrocarbons together

• Ketones → Carbon and oxygen double bonds not at the ends of parent chain

• Aldehydes → Carbon and oxygen double bonds at the ends of the parent chain

• carboxylic acid → Carbon and oxygen double bond and an OH on the same carbon of the double bond

• Amines → Nitrogen bonds to the parent chain or connecting hydrocarbons together

• Amides → Carbon and oxygen double bonds and nitrogen attached to the same carbon on the parent chain.

What are the 4 types of organic reactions

• Addition → Adding to an organic molecule

• Elimination → Removing from an organic molecule

• Substitution → Replacing something with another on the organic molecule

• Rearrangement → Rearranging arrangement of the organic molecule