History Unit 2: Ancient Rome

How many sides of the Italian peninsula are surrounded by water?

3 sides

How long and how wide is the Italian peninsula?

750 miles long, 120 miles wide

Does the Apennines Mountain Range go North-South or West-East?

North-South

Are the mountains as big as the ones in Greece?

No

What were the large plains ideal for in Rome?

ideal for farming

What were Campania and the plains of Latium used for?

flat, fertile lands for farming

What was the impact of the mountains since they weren't tall and rocky?

The people weren't isolated, so there wasn't many different cultures.

What was the impact of the large fertile plains?

There was food for all; they didn't need to import much food

How many miles was Rome inland?

18 miles

What was the impact of Rome begin inland?

Pirates couldn't get to Rome

What was Rome built on, what was the impact of it?

It was built on 7 hills which made it easy to defend. They linked these hills with fortified walls.

Where was the Tiber River, what was the impact of it?

The Tiber River flowed through Rome which made a greater flow of people and goods. It could easily be crossed and it became a natural crossing point for north-south traffic in western Italy.

Where was Rome located, what was the impact of this?

Rome was located centrally on the peninsula, so it was easier to govern. If anything were to happen the army could get there quickly.

Where does the peninsula go out to, what was the impact of it?

It juts out into the Mediterranean Sea. The impact was that is was ideal for trade.

Where were the three main groups that moved to Italy?

Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans

What group of people moved to Italy from 1500-1000 BC?

Indo-European people

When did the Latins move to Italy?

1500-1000 BC

Where did the Latins mainly settle in Italy?

The region of Latium

What main jobs did the Latins have?

Farmers and herders

When did the Greeks move into Italy?

750-550 BC

Where did the Greeks move to in Italy?

two thirds of eastern Sicily and south Sicily

Where is Sicily?

An island south of the Italian peninsula

How did the Greeks influence Rome?

-cultivated grapes and olives

-passed on their alphabet

-gave artistic and cultural models through their sculptures, architecture, and literature

When did the Etruscans move into Italy?

after 650 BC

Where did the Etruscans move to?

They took over Latium and surrounded Rome

Did the Greeks or Etruscans have more influence on the development of Rome?

Etruscans

How did the Etruscans influence Rome?

-military tactics

-clothing (togas and short cloaks)

-organization of military

What state is about the size of Rome?

New York

How many kings did Rome have before the government change?

7

How many of those kings were Etruscans?

2

What did Rome end up becoming?

A Republic

When did Rome become a Republic?

509 BC

What is a Republic?

a form of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens could vote

What happened in 338 BC to the Etruscans?

The Etruscans in Latium were defeated

What happened in 288 BC to the Etruscans?

Rome defeated eastern Etruscans

What did Rome do in 264 BC ?

Rome conquered the Greek settlements in Sicily

What did Rome do to the Etruscans in 261 BC?

Rome finished off the Etruscans in the north and completed the conquest of the whole Italian Peninsula

What group of people got full Roman citizenship?

Latins

What did conquered communities have to give Rome so that they could self govern?

military soldiers (man power) and tribute (taxes)

Was it good to be a Roman citizen?

Yes, it was the goal.

How did Rome create loyalty?

By promising advantages and even Roman citizenship for cooperation

What was the slogan for Rome?

"duty, courage, and discipline"

Did family or Rome come first for a Roman soldier?

Rome over family

What did Rome have to be good at conquering?

They had good diplomacy

Rome allowed self-rule, but what did they inspire?

They inspired cooperation

How did Rome make the conquered towns/cities feel?

as if they were part of Rome

Was Rome fair?

They were fair but firm. They crushed rebellions with no mercy.

What are three characteristics of the Roman military?

-they were tenacious and driven

-they were excellent strategists

-they were very organized

How is the Roman military organized?

Legion (central union) with 5,000-6,000, then those men were broken into 10 cohorts with about 500 men, then a centurion (senior non-commission officer)

What did the Roman soldiers wear?

-galea=helmet (showed their rank)

-lorica segmentata=armor

-pilum=sword

-scutum=rectangle shield (had designs)

-gladius=sword

What did Rome do after they conquered a town/city/state?

they would build a town, build a wall, then a road back to Rome

What was built to deal with problems as they arose?

government institutions

Why was a Republic adopted?

bad experiences with kings

What were the two social groups of Rome?

Patricians and Plebians

Which social group of Rome were the wealthier landowners?

Patricians

Which social group of Rome were the less wealthy landowners?

Plebians

What type of jobs did the less wealthy have?

craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers

Could both social groups vote?

Yes

Could both social groups hold office?

No, only patricians could hold office

Who ran the government and led the Roman army into battle?

Consuls

How many consuls were elected each year?

two

What was a praetor in charge of?

They were in charge of civil law for Roman citizens, later in charge of all laws.

How many praetors were elected each year?

One, but as the empire got bigger, they added and a second one.

How many senators were there?

300 patricians that served for life

What did the senate do?

They made laws

Who answered to the Senate?

Secondary assemblies

What assembly elected the consuls/praetors?

Centuriate Assembly

What was common between most of the people in the Centuriate Assembly?

most were wealthy

What is the Council of Plebs?

A council made up of middle-class plebs that were the voice of a common guy

Was Roman law highly developed?

Yes

What was the Law of Nations?

Laws for all Romans and non-Roman citizens

What was Carthage made up before the Punic Wars?

Africa, Spain, Sardinia, Corsia, and West Sicily

Are Carthaginian troops similar to Roman troops?

No, they are very different

When was the First Punic War?

264 BC

Why did the first Punic War begin?

Rome invaded the island Sicily

What did the Carthage do after Rome invaded Sicily?

By taking more land in Spain

What did Rome inspire Spain to do in the First Punic War?

Rome inspired a revolt

Why did the Second Punic War begin?

Started because Romen interfered in Spain

Who was the general of Carthage in the Second Punic War?

Hannibal

How did Hannibal attempt to invade Rome?

By going through the Alps

How many men did Carthage have?

46,000 men

What animal did Carthage have?

Eleaphants

How many war elephants did Carthage have?

37

How did Carthage use the war elephants?

They were used as a psychological weapon

Did the war elephants make it through the invasion?

No, most died going through the Alps

When and where did Rome finally engage with Carthage in the Second Punic War?

At the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC

Who won at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC?

Carthage/Hannibal

What did Rome do after they lost at the Battle of Cannae?

They rebuilt their army, invaded Spain, and the attacked Carthage itself

What happens at the Battle of Zama?

Hannibal was defeated and Carthage lost Spain to Rome

When was the Battle of Zama?

202 BC

Why did the Third Punic War start?

Rome attacked Carthage

When did the Third Punic War start?

152 BC

When was Carthage finally defeated?

146 BC

What is Carthage now called?

Africa

What was the next target of Rome after the Punic Wars?

Greece (Hellenistic states)

When was Macedonia made a province?

148 BC

What was Rome's first Asian province?

Pergamum

When did Pergamum fall?

129 BC

What are the provinces in Rome after they conqueror Pergamum?

-Sicily

-Spain

-Carthage

-Macedonia

-Pergamum

What was taken from small farmers?

Their land