AP BIO UNIT 1 EVERYTHING I NEED TO KNOW

Essential Elements

CHOPN makes up 96% of living matterand includes carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen, which are vital for biological functions.

Octet Rule

elements will gain,lose,or share electrons to complete their valence shell and become stableby having eight electrons in their outermost shell.

Covalent Bonds

when two or more atoms share electrons (usually between two nonmetals) Two types are polar and non polar

Non Polar Covalent

electrons are shared equally between two atoms

Polar Covalent

electrons are NOT shared equally between two atoms

Ionic Bonds

attraction between oppositely charged atoms( usually between non metal and metal)

Hydrogen Bonds

weak bond; partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electro negative atom; hydrogen have partial positive and electronegative have partial negative

Cohesion

attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind

Adhesion

the attraction to other molecules

Capillary Action

the upward movement of water due to forces of cohesion,adhesion, and surface tension occurs when adhesion is greater than cohesion

High Heat Capacity

water resists change in temperature due to hydrogen bonds

High Heat Vaporization

water requires a lot of energy to evaporate due to strong hydrogen bonds

Evaporative Cooling

as water molecules evaporate, the surface they evaporate from gets cooler

Density Of Water

as water solidifies it expands and becomes less dense; 3D Crystalline Structure

Know Solvent, Solute,Solution

you got this!!

pH

a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is

Acid

substance that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Base

substance that accepts H+or releases hydroxide ions OH-

Buffer

resists change in pH

Organic Chem

the study of compounds with covalent bonded carbon

Organic Compunds

compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

Carbon Properties

carbon skeletons causes molecular diversity, 4 valence electrons

Hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

Functional Groups

chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton that participates in chemical reactions

Four Classes of Macromolecules

Carbohydrates,Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids

Polymers of Macromolecules

NOT LIPIDS!!! Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

Polymers

chain like macromolecules of similar or identical of repeating units that are covalently bonded together

Monomers

the repeating units that make up polymers

Dehydration

bonds two monomers with the loss of water

Polymerization

the connection of many monomers

Hydrolysis

breaks the covalent bonds in a polymer by adding water; reversing back to a monomer

Carbohydrates

includes sugars and polymers of sugars

contains a carbonyl group and hydroxyl groups

CHO

Monosaccharides

simple sugars that are used in cellular respiration and serves as nutrients and fuel for cells

Disaccharides

two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds; Sucrose

Polysaccharides

polymer with many sugars joined via dehydration reactions

Starch

plants store/ carbohydrates

Glycogen

animals store/ carbohydrates

Cellulose

tough substances that form cell walls; an example of a structural polysaccharides carbohydrates

Chitin

forms exoskeletons of arthropods; an example of structural polysaccharides

Lipids

class of molecules that do not include true polymers and lipids are non polar ( hydrophobic)

Types of Lipids

Fats, Phospholipids, Steriods, Cholesterol

Fats

provides energy storage,support cell function, provide insulation; composed of glycerol and fatty acids

Glycerol

an alcohol apart of hydroxyl group

Fatty Acids

long carbon chains

Saturated Fatty Acid

single bonds between carbons in the carbon chain; more hydrogen

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

contains one or more double bonds; causes kinks; the more double bonds the more liquid it is

Phospholipids

major component of cell membranes

two fatty acids attached to glycerol and phosphate

tail- hydrophobic

head-hydrophilic

Steroids

horomones that boost and support physiological functions

Cholesterol

provides structural stability to animal cells

Nucleic Acids

polymers of nucleotide monomers

1. store, transmit, and express hereditary info

2. RNA AND DNA

Components of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides—-.> Polynucleotides——> Polynucleotides——> Nucleic acids

Nucleic Acids

1. Nitrogenous Base

2. Five Carbon Sugar (pentose)

3. Phosphate Groups

Pyrimidines

type of nitrogenous bases; one ring with 6 atoms

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Purines

one ring with 6 atoms bonded to one ring with 5 atoms

Adenine, Gunanine

Polynucleotides

strands that make up RNA AND DNA:5’ to 3’

5— phosphate end

3—— hydroxyl end

DNA

consists of two polynucleotides; forms of double helix; strands are antiparallel

C to G

A to T

RNA

single stranded; Uracil to Adenine