Anatomy DNA, RNA, and Cell Reproduction

DNA

lives inside nucleus sending chemical messages to all parts

RNA

takes message from DNA and goes to the ribosomes where it translates the message into proteins

DNA base pairing

guanine, cytosine, thymine, and adenine

C & G T & A

Chromatin

DNA strand mixed with proteins form chromatin

DNA Structure

-is a polymer made up of monomers

-has two strands running opposite of one another (the 5 to 3 strand & the 3 to 5 strand) antiparallel strands

RNA pairing

-same as DNA except thymine is replaced with uracil

U & T C & G

types of RNA

-messenger (mRNA): take DNA message, leave nucleus, and join ribosomes to make protein

-transfer RNA (tRNA): help make protein strand in ribosome

-ribosomal RNA (rRNA): makes up large part of ribosome itself

-small nuclear RNA (snRNA): helping messenger RNA

DNA replication

-how DNA makes copies of itself when a cell is trying to divide

-copies split into two daughter cells

-initiation phase: creates replication fork

-leading strand and lagging strand

-termination when both strands are copied and replication forks finished with process

transcription

-similar to replication but instead of making second DNA strand it makes complimentary RNA strand

-mainly uses RNA polymerase

translation

-happens at ribosomes

-genetic code present in our cells

-combining 3 nucleotides into a codon to tell ribosome which amino acid it needs

-a few codons say start and stop translation

Mitosis

-make copy of genome

interphase: DNA synthesized and replicated

prophase: chromosomes condense

metaphase: chromosomes get lined up

anaphase: sister chromatids drive apart

telophase: sister chromatids separated

cytokinesis: pinching off of cell membrane to make two separate daughter cells

*only occurs in eukaryotic cells (animals, plants, and fungi)

meiosis

-decrease number of chromosomes in parent cell by one half

-form haploid gametes (sex cells)

-happens in germ cells to combine egg and sperm to make zygote

-four gametes come out of one original germ cell