Apes study guide - units 1-11

manifesting a 5!!!!!

environmentalism

concern and action of helping the environment

ecological footprint

the impact an individual has on the environment

natural capital

The worlds stock of natural assets (geology, soil, water, living things)

gross national product (GNP)

Total value of goods/services provided by a countries citizens in a given period

gross domestic product (GDP)

total value of goods/serviced produced within a countries borders

Per capita

Per person

Rule of 70

time = 70/rate

affluenza

the desire for over-consumerism

carrying capacity

The max amount of people in a population that an area can support

commons

shared resources used by multiple individuals

tragedy of the commons

over-consumption of a shared resource to each individuals own benefit, eventually depleating the resource

renewable resource

natural resource that can replace itself within a reasonable time

non-renewable resource

a resource thats used quicker than it can replace itself (oil, coal, natural gasses)

ecosystem service

direct/indirect benefits the ecosystem provides to humans

globalization

process of increasing interdependence between the worlds economies, cultures, and populations

anthropogenic

direct/indirect environmental changes caused by humans

demgraphy

statistical study of human population

crude birth/death rate

number of live births/deaths per 1,000 people

replacement fertility levels

average # of children a womans has to have in order to replace herself, and grow the population

total fertility rate

how many women are fertile at a given time

infant mortality rate

total number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births

demographic transition

how a demographics population birth/death rates change as the society develops

population momentum

potential population growth/decline based on age structure

population density

population/area

birth/death rate

#of b/d per year/total population

population growth rate

crude birhts - crude deaths/10

doubling time

time = 70/growth rate

future population from growth rate

(initial pop) x (growth rate) = final pop

Scientific law

statements based on multiple studies/experiments to come to a conslusion

scientific theory

a well supported explanation of observations

positive feed back loop

when a product of a reaction leads to an increase in the reaction (ex. microphone making loud noise →picking up the noise from speakers → amplifying the noise)

negative feedback loop

when the product of a reaction leads to a decrease in the reaction (ex. thermostat, once room reaches certain temp → thermostat is turned on/off, lessening the impact of the tempertaure)

UV radiation

non-ionizing radiation emitted by the sun + artificial resources, usually harmful

Infrared radiation

portion of the electromagnetic field that extends from the long wavelength, of red, end of visible light range (microwaves)

1st law of thermodynamics

energy cant be created or formed, only altered (sun → grass → zebra → lion)

2nd law of thermo dynamics

heat always flows from hotter to colder regions of matter

low quality energy

any form of energy thats dispersed disorderly (heat, wind)

high quality energy

energy thats dispersed equally (electricity, coal, natural gas)

troposphere

• lowest level of earths atmosphere

• weather, airplanes, clouds

• 70-80% of mass in the atmosphere

• mostly nitrogen + oxygen

• 10% water vapor

stratosphere

2nd lowest level of earths atmosphere

• similar to troposphere - less water vapor

• filters out most of suns harmful UV radiation

• tempature increases

  • heat from ozone process

mesosphere

2nd highest level of earths atmosphere

thermosphere

highest level of earths atmosphere

Green house effect

the process in which heat gets trapped in earth’s surface

Green house gases

gases in earth that trap heat

Kyoto protocol

LEGALLY BINDING traty to slow climate change by reducing carbon emissions (not signed by U.S., china, India)

Paris agreement

NON LEGALLY BINDING agreement between countries to take steps to slow down the rise of atmospheric temp. (NO SET STEPS)

Montreal Protocol

an agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out ozone depleating substances

Absorbtion

liquid, gas, solid adhering to another surface

Ozone

O3

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs)

non toxic, non flammable chemicals containing carbon, chlorine, flourine

Hydrochloroflurocarbon (HCFCs)

Chemicals being used to replace CFCs

Ocean Acidification

reduction of pH levels in the ocean

micro____

one millionth

milli____

one thousandth

kilo___

one thousand

mega___

one million

Biotic

Living/past living thing in an ecosystem (plants, animals, bacteria)

Abiotic

Non living things in an ecosystem (rocks, water, temperature)

Biome

An area of land classified by what organisms/species live there

producer

An organism that uses energy from the sun to produce usable forms of energy

Primary consumer

An organism that feeds off all/most other plants/organisms (rabbits)

Secondary consumers)

(mostly carnivores that feed off producers and primary consumers (frogs, fish, etc

Tertiary consumer

Animal that obtains nutrients by eating primary and secondary consumers

Detritus

Waste or debris

Decomposer

Organism that breaks down dead/decaying organisms

Phytoplankton

Microscopic marine algae

Zoo plankton

Micro organism in the ocean (jellyfish)

Autotroph

Organism that can produce its own food and energy

Heterotroph

Organism that CANT produce its own energy, must consumer other organisms to get energy

Biodiversity

Variety of plants, animals, and other organisms in a particular ecosystem

Biomass

Renewable organic matter from plants, and animals (algae)

Net primary production

Rate producers convert solar energy → chemical energy

The rate producers use energy for aerobic respiration

Gross primary production

Rate that ecosystems producers convert solar energy into chemical energy and biomass

Ecological (tropic level) efficiency

rate that energy is transferred from one tropic level to another

Limiting factor

Single factor that limits growth of species population in an ecosystem

Nitrification

Microbial process that nitrogen compounds oxidized to nitrate and nitrite

Nitrogen fixation

Atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia

Denitrification

Loss/removal of nitrogen or nitrogen compounds

Infiltration

When water on ground surface enters soil

Coevolution

When 2 species evolve to combat eachother (plant evolving so insects don’t eat it, insect evolving so it can eat the plant, so on)

Speciation

Population evolves to different species

Niche

Physical and chemical factors that a species needs to survive

generalist species

Broad niche, advantage in rapidly changing environment (raccoons, coyotes, humans)

Specialist species

Narrow niche, advantage in environment with little change (koalas, pandas)

Interspecific competition

Competition between 2 species for a shared resource

Parasitism

A relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another

Mutualism

Interaction between 2 species that benefit each other

Commensalism

One organism benefits, no other is harmed

Predation

One animal kills the other

Environmental resistance

Factors that limit a population growth

Resource partitioning

2 species split up an area so they don’t compete for the same resource

reproductive strategies

Strategies that species use to reproduce more efficiently

K strategist

reproduce later in life, small # of offspring, longer life (humans, elephants)

R strategists

Reproduce early in life, large # of offspring , massive deaths of offspring (insects, algae)

Primary succession

When a new area of land becomes populated for the first time

Secondary succession

When a disturbance in an ecosystem occurs, resetting it (not to the beggining bc nutrients in the soil are still good)

Coriolis effect

The way earths rotation makes wind in north hemisphere curve right, and southern hemisphere curve left

Convection cell

Circular patterns of wind/water caused by uneven heating of a substance

Microclimate

A small area that differs from the main climate around it

Rain shadow

When most precipitation occurs on one side of a mountain, leaving th either side deserted