Microbiology ch 1-3,6

beneficial roles of microbes

great composers, industry use, medications, biologically active gases

Robert hooke

observed the first cell with cork

anton van leeuwenhoek

discovered microbes and microscope

Francesco redi

discovered spontaneous generation

Rudolf virchow

discovered biogensis

Louis pasteur

challenged spontaneous generation and came up with pasteurization

Joseph lister

germ and introduced antiseptic techniques

Robert koch

disease are caused by certain pathogens

taxonomy

species sorted by organism similarities

phylogeny

evolutionary relationship between organisms

strain

genetic variant

bacteria

no nucleus, peptiodoglycan cell wall, binary fission

archea

no nucleus, membrane wall lipids

Protozoa(eukaryotic microbes)

single-celled, flagella/cilia, parasites

fungi(eukaryotic microbes)

unicellular or multicellular, absorbs nutrient

algae

unicellular/mulitcelluar, cellulose in cell walls, oxygen produces

Archae

extremophiles

eukarya

nucleus and organelles

resolution

ability of a microscope to distinguish two points as separate and distinct

refraction

bending of light

light microscopy

uses visible light with max resolution 0.2um

electron microscopy

uses beam of electrons mr 2nm

Electron microscopy types

tranmission EM and scanning EM

light microscopy types

brightfield, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence

brightfield

stained specimens

dark field

live and unstained cells

fluorenscence

pathogens and specific structure

TEM

internal structures of viruses

SEM

surface structure of viruses

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA

Passive transport

high to low that is moving down the concentration

Active transport

requires energy that is moving against the gradient low to high

osmotic lysis

hypotonic solution

plasmolysis

hypertonic solution

aquaporin

integral membrane protein that aids diffusion of water

exocytosis

process of which vesicle fuses to the plasma membrane to releases waste

facilitated diffusion

integral membrane protein assists transport of larger molecules down the concentration gradient across membrane

phagocytosis

process by the plasma membrane extends out to engulf practice

pinocytosis

process by which the membrane fold inwards to bring in fluids

nucleus

contains cell DNA and gene expression

smooth ER

synthesizes lipids

rough ER

synthesizes proteins

ribosomes

site of protein synthesizes

Golgi apparatus

modifies, sort, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery to organelles

lysosomes

contain digestive enzymes and break down waste

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP

chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis in plants

acid cell wall

mycolic acids and resistant to chemicals, desiccation, and staining

eukaryotic flagella

powered by ATP and made of microtubules with wavelike motion

prokaryotic

made of flagellin protein and rotary motion

chemotaxis

movement of bacteria in response to a chemical signals

run in flagella

roate counterclockwise towards or away from the stimulus

tumble in flagella

rotate clockwise which lead to cells reorients and change direction

glycocalyx

surrounds the outside of some bacterial cells

capsule(glycocalyx)

organized, firmly attached to cell wall

slime layer(glycocalyx)

unorganized and loosely attached

fimbriae

short with hairlike projection and allows bacteria to stick to surfaces and host cells

pili

longer and transfers DNA between bacterial cells

sporulation

process which certain bacteria form endospores

endospores

highly resistant to heat, radiation, desiccation,

Attachment

virus attaches to the host cell by binding to a receptor on the host cell

Penetration

virus enters the host cell. Naked viruses enter via endocytosis; enveloped viruses enter either via endocytosis or fusing with their envelope with the cell membrane; phage inject the DNA directly into the cell

Biosynthesis

viral protein is made and the genome is replicate

Maturation

viral proteins are assembled around the genome to create new viruses

Release

newly assembled viruses leave the host cell. Naked viruses and phage burst the host cell open.Enveloped viruses leave by budding and take a piece of the membrane to become the envelope

lytic cycle

the virus actively replicates, resulting in lysis of the bacterial c

lysogenic

the viral genome inserts into the bacterial genome, forming a prophage. There is no active production of virus and therefore no lysis of bacterial cells.

Viroid

self-replicating RNA

Bacteriophage

viruses that infect bacteria

Virion

a complete fully developed infectious viral particle outside of a host ce

Prion

Proteinaceous infections particle

Budding

process by which an enveloped virus leaves the host cell, taking part of the cell membrane,which becomes the envelope

dsDNA

uses DNA and RNA polymerase

ssDNA

First makes dsDNA, then acts like Class I.

dsRNA

Needs viral RNA polymerase; RNA strand doubles as mRNA.

+ssRNA

Genome is mRNA; translated right away

-ssRNA

Needs viral RNA polymerase to make a + strand (mRNA)

ssRNA-RT

Reverse transcriptase → DNA → integrates into host genome

components of a virus

genome, capsid, envelope, viral enzymes

capsid

protein coats surrounds nucleic acids

envelope

host derived and contains spike proteins

viral enzymes

used for replication

host range

spectrum of host cells the virus is able to infect

virusoid

non-self replicating DNA