Microbiology ch 1-3,6

beneficial roles of microbes

great composers, industry use, medications, biologically active gases

Robert hooke

observed the first cell with cork

anton van leeuwenhoek

discovered microbes and microscope

Francesco redi

discovered spontaneous generation

Rudolf virchow

discovered biogensis

Louis pasteur

challenged spontaneous generation and came up with pasteurization

Joseph lister

germ and introduced antiseptic techniques

Robert koch

disease are caused by certain pathogens

taxonomy

species sorted by organism similarities

phylogeny

evolutionary relationship between organisms

strain

genetic variant

bacteria

no nucleus, peptiodoglycan cell wall, binary fission

archea

no nucleus, membrane wall lipids

eukarya

nucleus, cell wall but different in fungi and cellulose

Protozoa(eukaryotic microbes)

single-celled, flagella/cilia, parasites

fungi(eukaryotic microbes)

unicellular or multicellular, absorbs nutrient

algae

unicellular/mulitcelluar, cellulose in cell walls, oxygen produces

Archae

extremophiles

bacteria

peptidoglycan

eukarya

nucleus and organelles

resolution

ability of a microscope to distinguish two points as separate and distinct

refraction

bending of light

light microscopy

uses visible light with max resolution 0.2um

electron microscopy

uses beam of electrons mr 2nm

Electron microscopy types

tranmission EM and scanning EM

light microscopy types

brightfield, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence

brightfield

stained specimens

dark field

live and unstained cells

fluorenscence

pathogens and specific structure

TEM

internal structures of viruses

SEM

surface structure of viruses

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA

Passive transport

high to low that is moving down the concentration

Active transport

requires energy that is moving against the gradient low to high

osmotic lysis

hypotonic solution

plasmolysis

hypertonic solution

aquaporin

integral membrane protein that aids diffusion of water

exocytosis

process of which vesicle fuses to the plasma membrane to releases waste

facilitated diffusion

integral membrane protein assists transport of larger molecules down the concentration gradient across membrane

phagocytosis

process by the plasma membrane extends out to engulf practice

pinocytosis

process by which the membrane fold inwards to bring in fluids

nucleus

contains cell DNA and gene expression

smooth ER

synthesizes lipids

rough ER

synthesizes proteins

ribosomes

site of protein synthesizes

Golgi apparatus

modifies, sort, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery to organelles

lysosomes

contain digestive enzymes and break down waste

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP

chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis in plants

acid cell wall

mycolic acids and resistant to chemicals, desiccation, and staining

eukaryotic flagella

powered by ATP and made of microtubules with wavelike motion

prokaryotic

made of flagellin protein and rotary motion

chemotaxis

movement of bacteria in response to a chemical signals

run in flagella

roate counterclockwise towards or away from the stimulus

tumble in flagella

rotate clockwise which lead to cells reorients and change direction

glycocalyx

surrounds the outside of some bacterial cells

capsule(glycocalyx)

organized, firmly attached to cell wall

slime layer(glycocalyx)

unorganized and loosely attached

fimbriae

short with hairlike projection and allows bacteria to stick to surfaces and host cells

pili

longer and transfers DNA between bacterial cells

sporulation

process which certain bacteria form endospores

endospores

highly resistant to heat, radiation, desiccation,