the cycling of matter in the biosphere

key organic molecules

carbon, hydrogen oxygen --> proteins, carbs, nuclic acids, lipids

inorganic molecules

non-carbon based molecules

please draw the cycling of energy in the biosphere

• energy is lost to heat --> second law of thermodynamics me drawing cycling of energy in biosphere

chemistry of water

semi polar molecule --> forms hydrogen bonds with itself and other molecuels

h-bonds

weak bond between hydrogen atom and atom with negative change creates cohesion (water sticks to each other) creates adhesion (water molecules stick to surfaces)

why is water important

1. excellent solvent --> carries nutrients

2. 2.high specific heat capacity --> absorbs and releases thermal energy --> naturally moderates temp fluctuations

3. medium where chemical reactions take place --> makes up most of cells

4. supplies electrons and hydrogen atoms in production of glucose during photosynthesis

please draw the hydrologic cycle

drawing hydrologic cycle

evapotranspiration

The evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants.

condensation

condensing of water vapor into the atmosphere to make clouds

precipitation

when water in clouds is so heavy it falls from the sky

surface run off

water that stays on top of the land and flows back to a water source.

percolation

water that seeps through unstatured soil into ground water

leaching

removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards

water table

the level below which the ground is saturated with water.

recharge

the replenishment of an aquifer by the absorption of water.

please draw acid depostion and the hydrolic cycle

• burning of fossil fuels releases sulfur and nitrogen oxides into atmosphere -> reacts to form acids me drawing the hydrologic cycle

Stromatolites

• stromatolites are mounds of sheets of limestone rocks formed by growth of cyanobacteria
• trap sediment and to make limestone
• low oxygen = dark
• high oxygen = light

where did oxygen first come from

• early atmosphere had no oxygen, tons of carbon dioxide.
• cyanobacteria was first responsible for producing oxygen

what are inorganic carbon resivoirs

carbon compounds made by non living things

what are 3 main inorganic carbon resvoirs

1. in atmosphere (gases)
2. in the ocean (dissolved gases --> carbonic acid, calcium carbonate is formed by seashells and makes sediment)
3. in the lithosphere (trapped limestone --> calcium carbonate sediments, in diamonds)

organic carbon resvoirs

ex. carbs, lipids, proteins

1. in bodies of living and once living organisms
2. in peat, crude oil and natural gases

draw carbon cycle

drawing carbon cycle

oxygen cycle

1. most available O2 comes from photosynthesis on land and phytoplankton
2. some oxygen is made in the atmosphere when sunlight breaks down water
3. most oxygen is stored in oxide minerals in curst and mantle --> not available

descible the carbon cycle and climate change

co2 is a green house gas… co2 adds to natural greenhouse effect, we releases ton of co2 into the atmosphere, makes it real hot

effects of warmer climate

• organisms are adapted to climates that have existed for 10000 years
• organisms shape ecosystem, ---> organisms die, ecosystems fail

albedo effect + cliamte change

ice melts, albedo goes down, more solar energy is absorbed

deformestatio nand global warming

• destroys carbon sinks
• lets more carbon ac as ghg

what is nitrogen fixation

Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

rhizobium

bacteria, rhizobium in roots of legumes and bacteria in soil fix n2 to NO3 to make it useable to organisms

what is the nitrogen cycle

nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms

nitrogen fixation

n2 to no3 or nh4

assimliation

incorporation of nh3 and no3 into biological tissues

Ammonification

decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia

nitrification

ammonia nh3 is converted to nitrate ions (NO3-).

dentification

When soil bacteria converts nitrates no3 into nitrogen gas n2 into atmosphere.

draw the nutrogen cycle

me drawing the nitrogen cycle

draw the phosphorous cycle

me drawing the phosphorus cycle

what is eutrophication

excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.