week 1: qualitative vs quantitative and week2: quantitative validities

what does breadth mean for quantitative analysis

looking at the broader scope

cause and effect relationtion

generalizing the trend

big picture

is quantitative structured or unstructured

structured

does quantiative involve smaller or larger samples

larger

what type of analysis is performed in quantitative studies

statistical analysis

what is the structure for qualitative analysis .

un/ semi structured

what the sample size for qualitative

small

what type of analysis is done for qualitative

thematic

what is meant by structured approach

there is a specific hypothesis and standardization

what is meant by an unstructured or semi-structured approach

flexible/ fluid that is adaptable

why does qualitative use a smaller sample

the goal is to have a more focused approach where generalizability is NOT the intention but to have a deep nuanced understanding of a phenomenon

what does thematic analysis

analyze recurring themes and patterns on a deeper level

what is a population

specific relevant group to the research

external validity

how well the sample generalizes/ represents the population

internal validity

how well the study is designed to eliminate alternate causes so that we can ensure the causal relationship between the IV and DV

what is the goal of internal validity

ensure causality between the IV and DV

high internal validity

ensures that the observed outcomes are attributed to the factors(IV and DV) being tested

what is the focus of internal validity

controlling conditions for causation which can decrease the generalizability to the real world

construct validity

want to make sure that we are accurately and reliably measuring variables using the proper assessments

statistical conclusion validity

measures if the stat analysis is appropriate for the data

Determine whether the following study is qualitative, quantitative, both, or neither.

 

A public health researcher is studying the impact of air pollution on asthma prevalence in children. The researcher collects asthma incidence rates from hospital records and air quality data from environmental monitoring stations. Additionally, the researcher conducts interviews with parents to understand their perceptions of the relationship between air pollution and their children's health.

neither

both

quantitative

qualitative

both

Researchers evaluate the impact of a community-based diabetes education program on blood sugar levels among adults in a low-income urban neighborhood. While the program is highly effective in this specific setting, the researchers are interested in whether the results would apply to adults in rural areas or higher-income neighborhoods.

 

Which type of validity should the researchers focus on to determine if the study results can be generalized to other populations and settings?

internal validity

construct validity

external validity

statistical conclusion validity

external

A team of researchers conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the effectiveness of a new medication for lowering blood pressure. Participants are randomly assigned to either the medication group or a placebo group. The study ensures that both groups are similar in age, sex, and baseline blood pressure levels. Researchers strictly monitor medication adherence and collect data at the same time intervals for both groups.

Which type of validity is being addressed by the researchers’ efforts to ensure randomization and control over confounding variables?

internal validity

construct validity

external validity

statistical conclusion validity

internal

Determine whether the following study is qualitative, quantitative, both, or neither.

 

A hospital administrator wants to evaluate the effectiveness of a new patient education program on reducing hospital readmissions. The administrator surveys patients about their satisfaction with the program using a 5-point Likert scale and analyzes hospital readmission rates before and after program implementation.

Both Qualitative and Quantitative

Qualitative Only

Neither Qualitative nor Quantitative

Quantitative Only

quantitative

independent variable is also known as

risk , exposure, or explanatory variable

what is the independent variable doing

causing the change

what are the two forms of the IV

active and attribute

active IV

where the researchers is assigning the subjects and doing the manipulation

attribute IV

existing characteristics of subjects NOT assigned by the researcher and is an observartion

what are levels in context to the IV

groups being compared

is a control variable a level

yes

dependent variable

the outcomes that measures the effect of the IV

extraneous variable

any variable other than the IV or DV that you are NOT investigating but can maybe affect the DV

why do we need to control for extraneous variables

maintain internal validity

confounding variables

a type of extraneous variable that relates to both the IV and DV that confuses the relationship

what do we need to control to maintain internal validity of the study

confounding

covariate variable

a type of extraneous variable that only relates to the DV so we want to account for it( control) but is something that cannot directly change or influence

mediating variable

variable caused by the IV and influences the DV

clarifies the relationship between the IV and DV

moderating

affects the stregnth of direction of the IV DV relationship and depends on how much or little is present

when more is present then it will strengthen the relationship

hypotheses

predictions that provide explanations for an observed event

how should hypotheses be written

language that expresses either causation or correlation

terms used to indicate causation

difference

greater than/ less than

improves/ reduces

key words to indicate correlation

relates

associates

predicts

what does it mean when we day that variables should be operationally defined

the variables should be specific to reduce ambiguity and confusion

is this correlation or causation

stretching improves range of motion

causation

is this correlation or causation

dynamic stretching improves range of motion more than static stretching

causation

null hypothesis

represents the baseline assumption that there is no difference or relationship

importance of the null

the baseline to avoid bias and manipulation

alternative hypothesis

what the researcher aims to support or prove in their study

nondirectional hypothesis

we dont know what will happen but we know there will be an impact

directional hypothesis

not only will the treatment have an affect but will have an impact in a certain way

what is the goal with t he null and alternative

reject the null and fail to accept the alternative

There is a difference in the mental wellbeing of undergrad students who participate in alternative forms of physical activity compared to those who participate in traditional activity

correlation or causation?

causation- we are comparing the difference between groups

There is a difference in the mental wellbeing of undergrad students who participate in alternative forms of physical activity compared to those who participate in traditional activity

null vs alternative?

alternative

There is a difference in the mental wellbeing of undergrad students who participate in alternative forms of physical activity compared to those who participate in traditional activity

directional or nondirectional?

non- directional- because we dont know the exapct direction of the impact but we know that there will be an impact

There is a difference in the mental wellbeing of undergrad students who participate in alternative forms of physical activity compared to those who participate in traditional activity

are the variables specifically defined

no- bc we dont know the exact forms of physical activity being compared

increases daily physical activity is positively associated with improved sleep quality among adults

causation or correlation

correlation- used the term associated

increases daily physical activity is positively associated with improved sleep quality among adults

null vs alternative

alternative- bc there is a relationship

increases daily physical activity is positively associated with improved sleep quality among adults

directional or nondirectional?

directional- positive

A researcher is studying whether a new teaching method improves test scores compared to the traditional method. She designs an experiment where one group of students is taught using the new method, while another group is taught using the traditional method.

 

Which of the following correctly states the null hypothesis (H₀) and the alternative hypothesis (H₁) for this study?

H₀: The new teaching method improves test scores.
H₁: The new teaching method reduces test scores.

H₀: The new teaching method reduces test scores.
H₁: The new teaching method improves test scores

H₀: The new teaching method has no effect on test scores.
H₁: The new teaching method improves test scores.

H₀: The new teaching method improves test scores.
H₁: The new teaching method has no effect on test scores

option 3

Dr. Carter is conducting a study on how different types of diets affect weight loss. Participants are randomly assigned to one of three groups: a low-carb diet, a low-fat diet, or a Mediterranean diet. The study lasts for six months, and participants’ weight loss is measured at the end of the study.

 

How many levels does the independent variable (IV) have in this study?

3

You are researching the effects of exercise on mental health, specifically focusing on teenagers. You want to find studies that mention physical activity or exercise and mental health but exclude studies about adults or the elderly. Additionally, you want to include variations of the word "teen" (e.g., teen, teenager, teenagers) and prioritize exact phrases like "mental health."

 

Which of the following search queries would be the most effective?

exercise AND "mental health" OR teen* NOT adults OR elderly

exercise OR physical activity AND "mental health" AND (teen OR teenagers) NOT adults NOT elderly

(exercise OR "physical activity") AND ("mental health") AND teen* NOT (adults OR elderly)

exercise AND "mental health" AND teen* NOT (adults OR elderly)

option 3

A researcher is investigating how stress (measured using a stress scale) affects academic performance (measured as GPA) and whether the relationship is mediated by sleep quality. The researcher also hypothesizes that the strength of the relationship between stress and sleep quality depends on the level of social support (low, medium, or high) that participants report.

 

Which of the following statements correctly identifies the variables in this study?

Stress is the independent variable (IV), social support is the dependent variable (DV), GPA is the mediating variable, and sleep quality is the moderating variable.

Sleep quality is the independent variable (IV), social support is the dependent variable (DV), stress is the mediating variable, and GPA is the moderating variable.

GPA is the independent variable (IV), stress is the dependent variable (DV), social support is the mediating variable, and sleep quality is the moderating variable.

Stress is the independent variable (IV), GPA is the dependent variable (DV), sleep quality is the mediating variable, and social support is the moderating variable

option 4

what is boolean operators used for

refining the search

for “ AND” in boonlean operator what does it do to the search

narrows

for “ OR” in boonlean operator what does it do to the search

EXPANDS

for “ NOT” in boonlean operator what does it do to the search

EXCLUDES

what does nesting mean for research

using parenthesis to group terms and organize

what are the parenthesis an example of

((stress(TI) OR psychological stress))

nesting

what is the OR an example of

((stress(TI) OR psychological stress))

boonlean to expand the search

truncation

uses asterisks * to retrieve variations of root word

provides different lenses of keep word

example of truncation with the word Child"*

childhood

childlike

childless

what do the double quotes do in the research

the engine will treat each word as separate entities or as one

are these different searches?

“ public” “ health” “ policy”

“public health policy”

yes

what are tags in searching

tell the engine where to focus the attention

[Ti] tag

title

[Tiab] tag

title/ abstract

[Mesh] tag

medical subjects heading