After a failed revolt led by ________ and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
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Victor Emmanuel II
In 1861 ________ was proclaimed king of united Italy.
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Secret societies
________ sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
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customs duties
Internal ________ and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
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economic sphere
In the ________, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state- imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
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Europe
The growth of revolutionary nationalism in ________ sparked a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
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Bourbon dynasty
The ________, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
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Italy
During the middle of the nineteenth century, ________ was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
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Habsburg Empire
The ________ that ruled over Austria- Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples.
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le citoyen
The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and ________ (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
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Italians
________ were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi- national Habsburg Empire.
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July Revolution
The ________ sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
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Britain
In 1815, representatives of the European powers- ________, Russia, Prussia and Austria- who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
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daily plebiscite
A nation is therefore a large- scale solidarity … Its existence is a(n) ________ … A province is its inhabitants; if anyone has the right to be consulted, it is the inhabitant.
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France
The first upheaval took place in ________ in July 1830.
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Frédéric Sorrieu
In 1848, ________, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘ democratic and social Republics, as he called them.
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Estates General
The ________ was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
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Greece
________ had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
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zollverein
In 1834, a customs union or ________ was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
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Church of St Paul
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the ________.
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Mazzini
________ believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
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equal political rights
Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non- propertied men organised opposition movements demanding ________.
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utopian vision
In Sorrieus ________, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume.
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1830s
During the ________, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.
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Germany
The nation- building process in ________ had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power.
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Events of February
________ 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed.
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Marianne images
________ were marked on coins and stamps.
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Garibaldi
In 1860, ________ led the famous Expedition of the Thousand to South Italy.
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Duties
________ were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods.
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William
In January 1871, the Prussian king, ________ I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
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Statues of Marianne
________ were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.
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economic interests
The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing ________ to national unification.
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Civil Code
The ________ of 1804- usually known as the Napoleonic Code- did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
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Nationalist sentiments
________ were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe.
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Protestants of Ireland
The English helped the ________ to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country.
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Italy
In 1867, Garibaldi led an army of volunteers to Rome to fight the last obstacle to the unification of ________, the Papal States where a French garrison was stationed.
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Britain
In ________ the formation of the nation- state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution.
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The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics
The Pact Between Nations By Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848
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39
Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure
the torch of Enlightenment she bears in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other
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Interestingly, at the time when Sorrieu created this image, the German people did not yet exist as a united nation
the flag they carry is an expression of liberal hopes in 1848 to unify the numerous German-speaking principalities into a nation-state under a democratic constitution
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In this essay Renan criticises the notion suggested by others that a nation is formed by a common language, race, religion, or territory
‘A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion
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U1
The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
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U2
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
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Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples
Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south, and Roumans to the east in Transylvania
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In its wake, new social groups came into being
a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals
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The journalist Wilhelm Wolff described the events in a Silesian village as follows
In these villages (with 18,000 inhabitants) cotton weaving is the most widespread occupation … The misery of the workers is extreme
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They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles
a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association
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The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones
such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions
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Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic
Studied by 6 people
Note 
Flashcard (43)