Structures and Functions of Animal Cells – Lecture 3

54 fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering hierarchy levels, characteristics and subtypes of epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues, plus key cell and tissue functions.

The principle that an organism’s is always related to its function.

structure

The basic unit of life is the .

cell

In the biological hierarchy, atoms and molecules belong to the level.

chemical

Distinct membrane-bound compartments inside eukaryotic cells are called .

organelles

A group of similar cells performing a specialized task is a .

tissue

Multiple tissues working together form an .

organ

Organs that cooperate to perform a body process make up an .

organ system

An individual living entity composed of many organ systems is an .

organism

Organisms of the same species living in the same place form a .

population

Different populations in one area constitute a .

community

A community plus its non-living environment is an .

ecosystem

All Earth’s ecosystems together are called the .

biosphere

Animal tissues are classified into four major types: epithelial, , muscle, and nervous.

connective

Epithelial tissue is characterized by tightly joined cells anchored to a .

basement membrane

Single-layer, flat epithelial cells that facilitate diffusion are called epithelium.

simple squamous

Simple cuboidal epithelium is one layer of cube-shaped cells specialized for and secretion.

absorption

The single-layer, tall cells lining the digestive tract are epithelium.

simple columnar

Ciliated cells with nuclei at different heights forming a ‘false’ layer are columnar epithelium.

pseudostratified

The multiple-layered flat cells providing abrasion protection in skin and mouth are epithelium.

stratified squamous

Two layers of cube-like cells found in large gland ducts describe epithelium.

stratified cuboidal

Rare epithelium with superficial column-shaped cells in male urethra is epithelium.

stratified columnar

The most abundant tissue type that connects, supports, and protects is tissue.

connective

The hard, calcified connective tissue with osteocytes in lacunae is (osseous) tissue.

bone

The flexible connective tissue with chondrocytes in lacunae is .

cartilage

The cartilage that forms embryonic skeleton and costal cartilage is cartilage.

hyaline

Elastic fibers give great flexibility to cartilage found in the ear pinna.

elastic

The shock-absorbing cartilage in intervertebral discs is cartilage.

fibro

Tendons and ligaments are made of dense connective tissue.

regular

Dermis of skin contains dense connective tissue that withstands stress in many directions.

irregular

Loose connective tissue that wraps and cushions organs is tissue.

areolar

Fat-storing connective tissue that insulates the body is tissue.

adipose

The soft internal skeleton of spleen and lymph nodes is formed by connective tissue.

reticular

Blood’s liquid extracellular matrix is called .

plasma

Red blood cells are scientifically termed .

erythrocytes

White blood cells responsible for defense are called .

leukocytes

Cell fragments involved in clotting are .

platelets / thrombocytes

Muscle tissue cells are long and called muscle .

fibers

Voluntary, striated, multinucleated muscle attached to bones is muscle.

skeletal

Striated, branching, uninucleated muscle found only in the heart is muscle.

cardiac

Involuntary, non-striated, spindle-shaped muscle in hollow organs is muscle.

smooth

Specialized junctions connecting cardiac muscle cells are discs.

intercalated

The functional cell of nervous tissue that conducts impulses is the .

neuron

The neuron part that receives signals is the .

dendrite

The long projection transmitting impulses away from the cell body is the .

axon

Supporting, non-irritable cells in nervous tissue are collectively called cells.

glial

Epithelial tissue’s tightly packed cells make it ideal for and protection.

covering / lining

Ground substance and protein fibers together form the extracellular of connective tissue.

matrix

Muscle contraction is triggered by signals originating from cells.

nerve

The ability of nervous tissue to respond to stimuli is called .

irritability

The ability of nervous tissue to transmit impulses is termed .

conductivity