African American History Exam 2

What was the German Coast Slave Rebellion?

An organized slave revolt planned the day before Mardi Gras (people would be at church) where they walked down the Mississippi River killing white people along the way

What were the outcomes of the German Coast Slave Rebellion?

The mayor had them executed without trial then put their heads on pikes down the river, then created more restrictions on black lives, curfews, laws, no congregation, etc.

What was the Denmark Vessey Rebellion?

He was an AME church preacher who held rendezvous at the Hamstead church and planned a Haitian revolutionary ideology, but the plot was found out before it could be executed

What were the outcomes of the Denmark Vessey Conspiracy?

Destroyed Hamstead Church, suspects were hanged and banished, assemblies became outlawed, more curfews on blacks, manumissions became harder, slave patrols, and African colonization

What were the takeaways from the Quincy Adams v. Andrew Jackson presidential election?

Sparked the end of the first-party system, the formation of the Democrat and Whig party, and political unrest

What was the Democratic Party of 1828?

Ideas of natural rights of farmers and workers with slaves, “slave power” conspiracy, white supremacy, and wanted the relocation of Indians for more slave territory

What was the Whig Party of 1828?

Christian morals, preferred federal power over state power, against the expansion of slavery, attracted slaves and Indians because of moral beliefs

What are Black Seminoles?

African American Indians who would pay their Native American hosts to defend their land from white squaters

What was the importance of the Second Great Awakening?

The idea that anyone can be saved by God, created the Benevolent Empire, and created Antislavery societies

What was the Benevolent Empire?

A network of voluntary church groups that improve material circumstances (ex. public education, temperance prison reform, aid to the handicapped, etc.

What were Antislavery Societies?

provided advocacy and education, political action, assistance to escaped slaves, and coalition-building

What was the view of anti-slavery?

The end of slavery from a legal and economic perspective as an institution

How is anti-slavery ideology different from abolitionists?

Anti-slavery ideology is the hatred of slavery as an institution that hurts white economics. Abolitionists want equal rights

What were the views of anti-slavery in the early 1800s?

To most blacks, it was the closest thing to ending slavery, so they reluctantly supported it. To democratic whites, it was risky and could cause economic, political, and violent reactions, on top of the fact that they believed blacks were racially inferior

What two ways did people fight to end slavery?

Peaceful moral ways and rebellion action ways

Who was William Llyod Garrison?

A journalist of religion who supported feminism and who wrote a book called “The Liberator,” which is about racial justice and equality of races, is considered an abolitionist manifesto (peace)

Who was David Walker?

A free-born black abolitionist who wrote “The Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829),” which denounced black racism and pushed for change via revolts and even organized violent resistance that sparked a new generation of violent change (action)

What was the first African American Newspaper? Who? When?

“The Freedom Journal (1825-1829),” published by John Russwurm and Samuel Carnish

Who was Henry Highland Garnet?

He was a minister of a Presbyterian church in New York and openly called for slave rebellions and was against moral ways of persuasion (action)

Who was Nat Turner?

A literate bible enthusiast who had a spiritual calling to violent uprisings, and on August 21, 1831, organized a violent revolt that led to 60 white deaths that lasted two days, and any of his followers were executed (action)

What was the Colonization movement?

The American Colonization Society that aimed at resettling free African Americans in Africa as a solution to racial tensions (leaders were Clay and Washington)

What was the Liberian colonization movement?

An established American settlement in West Africa for the emigration of free black people

What was the Haitian colonization attempt?

The only nation with slavery that freed themselves, most had to come back because of cultural differences (English vs Kreyol) (Catholic vs Protestant)

Who supported the colonization movement?

Abolitionists who favored colonization, some supported it but wanted to give them a choice, Evangelicals approved to help Christianize Africa

Who was against the colonization movement?

Many blacks became suspicious that the colonization movement was a plan to extend slavery rather than to end it. “free slaves are a threat to slavery”

What is Manifest Destiny?

The support of war and expansion for the nation

What problems did Manifest Destiny create?

The question of expanding slavery into new territories

What was the Darwin and the environment vs racial determinism idea? (Social Darwinism)

The racial differences between whites and blacks were permanent and whites were inherently better

What idea did manifest destiny create?

Nationalism

What is nativism?

The political and social movement that favors the interests of native-born citizens instead of immigrants

How was the wave of nativism in the 1800s sparked?

From large immigrations from Ireland and other countries, and how they are a threat to job competition

How were blacks effected by nativism?

Blacks weren’t seen as native citizens so they faced discrimination and a new specific white nationalism

What does WASP stand for?

White Anglo Saxon Protestants

What were four anti-black/anti-abolitionists riots?

Cincinnati riot (forcing blacks to run to Canada), Providence riot (burning of black-only neighborhoods), New York (Black churches, schools, and homes destroyed), and Philadelphia (going into black homes and abusing and raping them)

What was the Mexican-American War?

The result of manifest destiny and the US’s desire to expand its territory, which began after the independence of Texas in 1836

What were the results of the Mexican-American war?

Texas annexation to the US, Slave v Free labor, the Compromise of 1850, new territories, and new slave state vs non-slave state debates

What was the compromise of 1850?

The admission of California as a free state, new territorial organizations allowing residents to decide slavery, and a stricter fugitive slave act

Who was James Polk?

A democratic southern slave holder who wanted the annexation of Oregon and Texas to expand US slave territories, who provoked the war with Mexico

What were the reactions to the anti-slavery movement?

Auxiliaries, Moral persuasion 1830, and AAAS companions

What were the Auxiliaries?

A group mostly of all black women who wanted their own say on abolition

What was the moral persuasion of 1830?

The Christian appeal for the end of slavery to save their souls, and slavery poisoned the nation and the economy

What were the AAAS companions?

African American Anti-slavery Society, who put out post congressional petitions and public lectures to abolish slavery

What was the Gag rule?

The stopping of hearing petitions, specifically with the intention to stop black petitions

What was the schism in the anti-slavery societies in 1840?

The AAAS society vs the AFASS society (American and Foreign Anti-slavery Society) their differences being moral failure, push for slave revolts, feminism, and religion ideas

What was the Liberty Party?

The first Anti-slavery party that wanted blacks to be free and the North and South should be separated

What were the Liberty Party inspired revolts?

“The Aimstad,” the escaped slave led revolt in 1837 on a Spanish ship near Cuba where they attempt to sail back to Africa, but gets caught by Americans. “The creole,” Slave revolt on creole ship to New Orleans where they will be sold, over took the crew and forced them to sail to the Bahamas where they claim freedom in 1840

What was the Underground Railroad?

Organized escapes from slave states to border states then most of the time to Canada, or Kentucky, Montana, and the Chesepeak

Who was Henry “Box” Brown?

A slave of the Underground Railroad who had himself shipped in a box as railroad freight from Richmond to Philly

Who was Solomon Northup?

A free man who was drugged and captured in DC and sold to slavery by white men in Louisiana, he wrote “12 years a slave”

What was Seneca Village?

A community in NY, where present day central park is, for escaped slaves with schools, churches, cemeteries, etc. and became a center for abolition

Who was Charles T. Toney and how did he help the Underground Railroad?

Helped 150 slaves escape from DC to Philly through transportation, and died from tuberculosis in jail from helping slaves for 6 years

Who was Harriet Tubman?

A slave of the Underground Railroad who took 13 trips to the North, and then, once free herself, went back to help 70+ more slaves escape

Who was William Still?

A white man who helped many slaves in the underground railroad, including Tubman, who kept records of all those who came and went

What was the ideal destination of the Underground Railroad? Why? How much did the population grow?

Ontario, Canada, they has laws that prevented the capture and return of slaves, and the black population grew to 20,000

Who was Fredrick Douglas?

An escaped bi-racial slave who wrote, “North Star (1847)" and two autobiographies “Narrative of Life” and “My Bondage my Freedom.” He escaped slavery by brutally beating his slave breaker, then dressed as a sailor and boarded a train to NY

Who was Williams Wells Brown?

A bi-racial freeman who wrote novel about mulattos and how they don’t get accepted anywhere, which was the first African American fiction novel

What was the Missouri Compromise?

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and implemented the 36°30’ latitude the prohibited slaves above this line

What were the causes of the Civil War?

Westward expansion, Stronger Fugitive Slave Law, Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott Decision, the Lincoln Douglas debates, John Brown and Harpers Ferry, and the 1860 presidential election

What were the Westward Expansion causes that sparked the Civil War?

The Missouri Compromise, the Mexican American War, and the Compromise of 1850

What was the Free Soil Party?

Anti-slavery advocates that wanted to prohibit slavery in pre-Mexican territory because white people deserved to work in a place with no slavery competition

What are examples of the Fugitive Slave law clauses that sparked the Civil War?

The Fugitive Slave law of 1850 required all states, including free states, to actively assist in capturing and returning escaped slaves, that paid $10 for the return of a slave and only $5 to set your slave free

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

The repeal of the Missouri Compromise to create new slave territories through popular sovereignty

What was the Bleeding of Kansas?

The rush of anti-slavery and pro-slavery people to sway the popular sovereignty vote

What was the Dred Scott Decision?

A man suing for his freedom claiming he lived in free territories. The results were that blacks enslaved or free were not citizens, and enslaved people were considered property and the government couldn’t prohibit their property use in the territories. Influenced the Missouri/Kansas-Nebraska acts)

What were the Lincoln-Douglas Debates?

The debates over the Illinois senate seat where Lincoln was an anti-expansionist and Douglas was promoting popular sovereignty, which resulted in Lincoln’s defeat

What happened with John Brown and Harpers Ferry?

A mix of men planned to seize arms at the federal arsenal in VA and attack the town. They were killed, and executed

What were the Harpers Ferry causes that sparked the Civil War?

The willingness to die for slavery made him a martyr, enraged the nation and sparked southern states to succeed from the Union

What was the outcome of the 1860 presidential election?

With four candidates two were democrats, which split the vote and ensured Lincoln’s victory. While he had no intention of ending slavery, his anti-expansion ideas caused a democratic slave owners economic pause

What was the Positive Good argument? Who made it?

The justification for slavery because it helped the economy, it maintained social order, it was civilizing black people, and that slavery was culturally rooted in society made by John C. Calhoun

What was the declaration for the southern states to succeed from the Union?

The north’s interference with slavery, the aid of slave abolition, the promotion of slaves, northern ideology that slavery is a sin, and the new president is hostile to slavery

What states succeeded from the Union initially?

SC, MS, AL, FL, LA, GA, TX

What happened at Fort Sumter?

The new Confederate states demanded control of southern federal facility, when they were denied, they took it by force

What were Lincoln’s aims at the beginning of the Civil War?

The question if slavery was allowed to spread as an economic institution, and was determined not to drive the slaves states still apart of the Union from succeeding as well

Who were the pro-slavery Union Generals?

George B. McClellan (protecting slave owner’s interests), Henry Halleck (Ordered escape slaves to go back), Winfield Scott (sent escaped slaved back over Union lines), and Ulysses S. Grant (returned escapees to enslavers)

What were the Confiscation Acts?

Any property being used against the Union will be confiscated

What were black reactions to Civil War outbreak?

Over 1,000 escaped slaves, not willing to wait on the government to be freed

What were Lincoln’s views on slavery during the Civil War?

Believed in gradual and compensated emancipation and colonization, and doesn’t care if slaves are freed or not, as long as the war ends, but did not allow black enlistment

What was the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation?

Lincoln gave the Confederates 100 days to re-join the Union or else we will set your slaves free, which sparked the change of the war to fighting for slavery

When was Emancipation Day?

January 1, 1863, after refusal from Confederates, states or parts of states still in bondage will forever be free

What were the First South Carolina Volunteers?

the illegal recruitment of black troops after congressional refusal who protected formally enslaved people

What was the 2nd Confiscation Act?

The military allowance to seize enslaved people, and once they crossed Union lines they will be freed

Why was the 2nd Confiscation Act more important than the 1st?

Didn’t address slavery at first, but then added it to part of the war effort making a significant shift to eventual abolition

What was the Militia Act (1862)?

Authorized the enlistment of black people into the army

Who were the secret 6?

After the recovery of St. Simon’s black people who have been training in secret, Higginson wanted to prove the equality of men with a specialized group

What were the Second South Carolina Volunteers?

A full troop of former South Carolina slaves including James Montgomery

What was the Corp d’Afrique?

Voluntary black men that wanted to fight for the confederates for various reasons

What was the 54th Massachusetts Regiment?

The recruitment of The Black Committee into the war, which included Fredrick Douglas

What was the 55th Massachusetts Regiment?

A group of free black men who fought on principles and refused pay until white men and black men were paid equally

What was segregation like during the Civil War?

White leaders on both sides made blacks do labor tasks instead of fighting in combat because they were “incapable,” forced to cook, do burials, construction, transportation, and received unequal pay

What was the Confederate’s reaction to the black troops in the Union Army?

Black troops were targeted with more aggression and if captured were executed in some cases instead of being kept as a POW

What was the General Order 11, in response to Confederate hostility?

the execution of southern confederates who did not treat black soldiers as prisoners of war

What was the Fort Pillow Masacre?

The confederate capture that was full of black troops where the black troops were outnumbered 3:1 where they were all murdered, including white generals

What was black participation like in the Navy?

Blacks have always worked in the Navy as the job was seen too dangerous for “better” people with a population of 30,000 (1/4 were black) and supported the Union war effort with their knowledge and expertise

Who was Robert Smalls?

The planter who sailed a Confederate Navy ship he was working on to a free Union harbor while everyone else was asleep, and freed himself and others on board

Who was Mary Elizabeth Bowser?

A black woman who worked as a servant in the Confederate white house who would lay out laundry a certain way as secret codes to the Union Army General, Joseph Hooker

What did Harriet Tubman do during the Civil War?

Aided over 200 people in the underground railroad, she was a nurse, cook, intelligence scout, and slave smuggler who did all of her work unpaid and freed 700 enslaved people during the war and led 100 them to enlist

What were problems for black troops in the Union Army besides segregation?

abused, raped, and led to a lot of escapes

What were the New York Draft Riots?

After a draft went out for the union army, rich people would buy out of it, and hired a lot of black people, which made poor whites hostile and resulted in 4 days of burning churches, colored orphan asylum, New York tribunes, Homes of Republicans and abolitionists, and lynched and executed blacks

What were the New York Democrats’ opinions on the Civil War?

Believed it was a a black conspiracy to end slavery

What were the demographics of black troops?

Union Army 2,000,000 soldiers 10% were black. Confederate Army 900,000 soldiers <1% were black