PHA6142: Inorganic Medicinals

galing chatgpt lang to pls bare w me

What is the 1st most abundant element on Earth?

Oxygen (O₂); it is a nonmetal.

What is the 2nd most abundant element on Earth?

Silicon (Si); it is a metalloid.

What is the 3rd most abundant element on Earth?

Aluminum (Al); it is a metal.

What is the most abundant metal on Earth?

Aluminum (Al).

What is the most abundant gas in air?

Nitrogen (N₂).

What is the approximate composition of air according to the material?

N₂ + O₂ in a 71% : 29% ratio.

What is the most abundant noble gas?

Argon (Ar).

What is the less abundant noble gas listed?

Krypton (Kr).

What is the least abundant noble gas listed?

Xenon (Xe).

What is the mnemonic for the primary intracellular/extracellular cations?

PISO: Potassium IN, Sodium OUT.

What is the mnemonic for the primary intracellular/extracellular anions?

BICO: Biphosphate IN, Chloride OUT.

What is the mnemonic for the secondary intracellular/extracellular cations?

MICO: Magnesium IN, Calcium OUT.

What is the mnemonic for the secondary intracellular/extracellular anions?

SULIBO: Sulfate IN, Bicarbonate OUT.

What is the major intracellular cation?

Potassium (K⁺).

What is the major extracellular cation?

Sodium (Na⁺).

What is the major intracellular anion?

Biphosphate/HPO₄²⁻.

What is the major extracellular anion?

Chloride (Cl⁻).

What is the 2nd most abundant intracellular cation?

Magnesium (Mg²⁺).

What is the 2nd most abundant extracellular cation?

Calcium (Ca²⁺).

What is the 2nd most abundant intracellular anion?

Sulfate (SO₄²⁻).

What is the 2nd most abundant extracellular anion?

Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻).

What is the most abundant/important physiological buffer system?

The bicarbonate/carbonic acid system: HCO₃⁻ : H₂CO₃; it maintains pH.

What happens to CO₂ in respiratory acidosis?

CO₂ increases (↑).

What happens to CO₂ in respiratory alkalosis?

CO₂ decreases (↓).

What happens to HCO₃⁻ in metabolic acidosis?

HCO₃⁻ decreases (↓).

What happens to HCO₃⁻ in metabolic alkalosis?

HCO₃⁻ increases (↑).

Why does increased CO₂ cause respiratory acidosis?

CO₂ is acidic in nature, so increased CO₂ causes respiratory acidosis.

Why does metabolic acidosis involve decreased bicarbonate?

HCO₃⁻ is basic in nature; therefore, metabolic acidosis is associated with decreased bicarbonate.

What is the respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis?

Respiratory alkalosis characterized by hyperventilation/fast breathing.

What is the DOC for metabolic acidosis?

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃).

What is the respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis?

Respiratory acidosis characterized by hypoventilation/shallow breathing.

What is the DOC for metabolic alkalosis?

Calcium chloride (CaCl₂).

What vitamin enhances iron absorption/utilization?

Vitamin C.

What substance enhances iron utilization and contains copper?

CuSO₄.

What enzyme is associated with CuSO₄/iron utilization?

Cytochrome oxidase.

What is the color of CuSO₄?

Blue; its common name is blue vitriol.

What happens to CuSO₄ when it contains 5 moles of water?

It is blue.

What happens to CuSO₄ when water is absent?

It is white.

Which vitamin maximizes calcium absorption?

Vitamin D.

Which vitamin maximizes selenium absorption?

Vitamin E.

What color cylinder stores N₂?

Black.

What color cylinder stores NO₂ and N₂O?

Blue.

What color container stores Mg(OH)₂ according to the material?

Blue bole.

What color cylinder stores O₂?

Green.

What color cylinder stores Ar?

Dark green.

What color cylinder stores CO₂?

Grey.

What color cylinder stores He?

Brown.

What color cylinder stores H₂?

Red.

What color cylinder stores acetylene?

Maroon.

What color cylinder stores Cl₂?

Yellow.

How should reactive Group 1A elements such as Li be stored?

Coated with petroleum or stored under oil.

What elements must be stored under oil?

Group 1A elements.

How is white/yellow phosphorus stored?

Under water.

What are the two basic components of glass?

Silica + Na₂CO₃.

What is the generic term for glass materials?

Vitreous materials.

What is the chemical nature of glass?

Sodium silicate; Na₂CO₃ makes the glass basic in nature.

Which glass type is highly resistant and made from borosilicate?

Type 1 glass.

What are examples of Type 1 glass?

Pyrex and Borosil.

Why is boron added to borosilicate glass?

It decreases the coefficient of expansion.

What test is used for Type 1 glass?

Powdered glass test.

What is Type 2 glass?

Treated soda-lime glass.

What is the use of Type 2 glass?

For alkaline, acidic, or neutral preparations according to the material.

What is the mnemonic for Type 2 glass?

“Two = Treated.”

What test is used for Type 2 glass?

Water attack test.

What is Type 3 glass?

Soda-lime glass.

What is Type 3 glass used for?

Dry powder packaging and for parenterals.

What test is used for Type 3 glass?

Powdered glass test.

What is Type 4 glass?

General soda-lime glass.

What is Type 4 glass used for?

General purposes; NP/non-parenteral use.

What is leaching in pharmaceutical glass?

The process by which a component of the glass reacts with the drug.

What color does potassium produce in modified glass?

Brown/amber; it provides light resistance.

What color does selenium produce in modified glass?

Red.

What color does uranium produce in modified glass?

Vaseline/yellow-green.

What is the function of MnO₂ in glass?

It masks the blue-green color usually caused by iron present in glass.

What does boron as borate do to glass?

Decreases the coefficient of expansion.

What does lead do to glass?

Increases the refractive index.

What do rare earth elements do in glass?

Selectively absorb light of certain wavelengths.

What does HF do to glass?

Etches glass.

What are amber pharmaceutical containers used for?

Pharmaceuticals sensitive to light.

What is the light-transmittance requirement for amber containers?

NMT 10% light transmittance at any wavelength from 290–450 nm.

What is lithium used for?

Bipolar disorder and manic disorder.

What electrolyte deficiency can lithium cause?

Hypokalemia.

What manifestation is associated with lithium-induced hypokalemia?

Movement disorder/tremor.

What electrolyte deficiency can lithium cause that is associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Hyponatremia.

What does lithium-induced hyponatremia cause?

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus/polyurea.

What endocrine effect can lithium cause?

Hypothyroidism.

What pregnancy problem is associated with lithium?

Teratogenicity, particularly Ebstein’s anomaly.

What is Ebstein’s anomaly?

Congenital heart disease involving an abnormal tricuspid valve.

What is the lithium mnemonic LMNOP?

HypokaLemia = movement disorder/tremor; hypoNatremia = nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; hypothyrOidism = decreased thyroid hormone; Pregnancy problems.

What is sodium deficiency called?

Hyponatremia.

According to the material, what can decreased sodium cause?

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with polyurea.

What is the recommended treatment advice for sodium deficiency?

Do not restrict sodium intake.

What is sodium toxicity?

Hypernatremia, associated with fluid retention.

What is potassium deficiency?

Hypokalemia.

What is a manifestation of hypokalemia?

Muscle paralysis.

What are major causes of hypokalemia listed?

Severe burns and diarrhea.

What is potassium toxicity?

Hyperkalemia.

What serious complication can hyperkalemia cause?

Cardiac arrest.

What is the antidote for hyperkalemia listed?

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate®), a cation-exchange resin.

What is copper toxicity associated with?

Wilson’s disease.