Unit 4 - Concept 2

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Describe the relationship between genes and proteins.

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Protein Synthesis

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1

Describe the relationship between genes and proteins.

Genes provide the code for creating proteins, and proteins have functions that affect an organismā€™s traits.

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2

Explain the central dogma.

The central dogma is a theory that says genetic information flows in one direction: DNA to RNA (through transcription) to protein (through translation).

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3

What are the three types of RNA?

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are the three types of this molecule.

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4

What is mRNA? (Find a pic)

This is the messenger RNA. It copies the instructions in DNA and carries it to the ribosomes and tRNA in the cytoplasm.

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5

What is tRNA? (Picture)

This is the transfer RNA. It carries amino acids to the ribosome and mRNA according to the instructions brought by the mRNA.

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6

What is rRNA? (Picture)

This composes the ribosomes.

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7

Where does transcription take place?

This process takes place in the nucleus.

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8

Why does transcription happen in the nucleus?

This process happens in the nucleus because DNA canā€™t leave the nucleus.

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9

What happens during transcription?

A specific gene/piece of DNA is copied into mRNA.

  • RNA Polymerase unzips the DNA needed.

  • Following complementary base-pair rules, RNA Polymerase matches DNAā€™s nucleotides.

  • The mRNA molecule is complete and released, DNA is zipped up again, and mRNA leaves the nucleus to go to the cytoplasm for Transcription.

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10

*What enzymes are involved with transcription?

RNA Polymerase is used in this process.

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11

Where does translation happen?

This process happens in the cytoplasm.

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12

What happens during translation?

During this process, the instructions carried by the mRNA are read to make proteins.

  • mRNA attaches to a ribosome, which reads the codons mRNA has in the 5ā€™ to 3ā€™ direction, starting with codon AUG.

  • tRNA picks up and drops off amino acids that match the codons read off by mRNA. The ribosome binds the amino acids together as it does so.

  • When ā€œSTOPā€ codon is read, the ribosome releases the completed protein.

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13

*What enzymes are involved with translation?

Ribosomes are involved in this process.

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14

What would happen if a mistake is made during protein synthesis?

An error in protein creation, resulting in it being deformed, mutated, or toxic, that leads to degenerative disorders and diseases like Parkinsonā€™s or Alzheimerā€™s are all possible if this happens.

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