edu 349 midterm exam

Behaviorism

A theory of learning that describes learning as linking a stimulus to a specific response, such as solving a math problem using a specific algorithm.

Cognitivism

A theory of learning that describes learning as the encoding, storing, and processing of information through methods like problem-solving and organizing knowledge.

Constructivism

A theory of learning that describes learning as constructing understanding based on experiences and interactions with the world.

Declarative Knowledge

Facts, figures, and details about a subject, including terminology, theories, and principles.

Procedural Knowledge

The knowledge of how to do something, including skills, processes, and algorithms.

Conditional Knowledge

Understanding when and why to apply declarative and procedural knowledge in new learning situations.

Three Stages of Learning

The stages include Acquisition, Consolidation, and Storage.

Acquisition

The stage in which learners gain new content, skills, and understandings.

Consolidation

The stage where learners process and give meaning to newly acquired knowledge.

Storage

The final stage indicating effective acquisition and consolidation leading to long-term learning retention.

Challenges in Learning

Common challenges include fear, ADHD, focusing issues, and learning disabilities.

Promising Principles of Learning

The seven principles include Motivation, Attention, Elaborative Encoding, Retrieval and Practice, Cognitive Load, Productive Struggle, and Feedback.

Facilitating Motivation in Classroom

Methods include deep motivation practices, cooperative learning, effort-based attributions, and fostering self-efficacy and interest. Personal, activated, energized, directed

Strategies to Improve Memory

Strategies include spaced encoding, deep processing, explanatory questioning, mnemonics, priority information presentation, quizzes, similar study/testing conditions, consolidation support, and retrieval practice.

Three Types of Memory

Short-term, working, and long-term memory.

Working Memory

The limited capacity of mental effort that learners can use at a given time.

Retrieval Practice

The process of reactivation of learning through active processing, which enhances memory.

Conditions for Improved Retrieval and Practice

Frequent self-testing and spaced practice enhance retrieval.

Importance of Sleep for Learning

Sleep strengthens memory consolidation over time.

Low-Road Transfer

The automatic transfer of well-practiced skills without much thought.

High-Road Transfer

The conscious, deliberate application of general knowledge to new situations.

Challenges of High-Road Transfer

It requires recognizing similarities, abstracting principles, and mapping connections to new problems.

Teaching Principles Supporting Transfer

These principles include developing automaticity, encouraging problem-solving in various contexts, utilizing reciprocal teaching, and scaffolding experiences.

Deliberate Practice

Focused practice targeting specific content or skills for improvement.

Chunking

The strategy of breaking information into smaller, manageable sections for better retention.

SQ3R

A comprehension study method that stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review.

Cognitive Load

The mental effort exerted on a learner's working memory.

Managing Cognitive Load in Classroom

Managing cognitive load includes reducing unnecessary information and balancing intrinsic, extraneous, and germane load.