Bio 2 Final

Phylum Basidiomycota

Characterized by Basidia: specialized spore-producing cells formed by basidiomycete fungi

Phylum Ascomycota

Characterized by Asci: sac-like spore-producing cells that form at the ends of hyphae

Phylum Porifera

Sponges

• Aquatic filter feeders, primarily marine

Phylum Cnidaria

Jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids. characterized by Cnidocytes ('stinging cells'), the First group with true tissues

Basic morphology:

• Sac with a central digestive compartment

• gastrovascular cavity

• No brain, but have a nerve net

• Can respond and detect stimuli

Phylum Ectoprocta

• Live as sessile colonies

• Most have a hard, porous exoskeleton and ciliated tentacles for suspension feeding

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms

• Soft-bodied with distinctive flattened bodies; acoelomate

• Have developed musculature

• Many spp. parasitic, others free-living

• Found in aquatic or moist terrestrial environments

• Most move by cilia on the underside, or undulated swimming

Phylum Annelida

Segmented worms that live primarily in marine or freshwater habitats

Phylum Mollusca

Defined by it’s three parts:

• A muscular foot, usually used for movement

• A visceral mass containing most of the internal organs

• A mantle, a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell (if present)

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms

• Are abundant and diverse in soil and aquatic habitats

• Many parasitize plants and animals

• Their body is coated by a tough cuticle

Phylum Arthropoda

• Have a segmented exoskeleton and jointed appendages

• The majority of animal species belong to this group, including insects, millipedes, crabs, and arachnids

Subphylum Myriapoda

Centipedes, Milipedes

Subphylum Chelicerata

Spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, etc.

Characterized by chelicerae: a pair of appendages near the mouth; often functions as fangs or pincers

Subphylum Crustacea

Crabs, shrimps, lobsters, barnacles, etc.

• Primarily aquatic organisms

• 2 tagmata: A cephalothorax & abdomen

• Two pairs of antennae

Subphylum Hexapoda

• The most successful group of animals

• More than half of all named species

• Class Insecta (the insects) are by far the most diverse class of animals

• Many freshwater, but very few marine

• 6 legs

Phylum Echinodermata

• Members of this group are bilaterally symmetric as larvae but not as adults

• They live in marine habitats and move and feed using “tube feet”

Phylum Chordata

Four Key Synapomorphies

• Hollow, dorsal nerve cord: runs length of body and develops into the brain and spinal cord

• Notochord – flexible, cartilaginous rod that supports the nerve cord

• Muscular post-anal tail

• Pharyngeal slits (or pharyngeal clefts)

Subphylum Vertebrata

Distinguished by two key synapomorphies:

• Vertebral column encloses & protects the dorsal nerve cord

• Cranium – bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous case enclosing the brain

Other synapomorphies include:

• Internal organs – liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, heart & closed circulatory system

• Endoskeleton – made of cartilage or bone

Phylum Reptilia

All living reptiles have three key features:

• Amniotic eggs

• Dry skin

• Thoracic breathing: expand & contract rib cage to breathe

• They have protective scales containing keratin

• Most have internal fertilization and lay shelled eggs on land

• Most reptiles are ectothermic, absorbing external heat to regulate body temperatur

Phylum Testudines/Chelonia

Species in this group have a boxlike shell fused to their skeletons

• All are air-breathing, but some have adapted to life on land, whereas others live in freshwater or marine habitats

Phylum Squamates

Snakes and Lizards

Phylum Mammalia

Key Adaptations for Life on Land

• Hair: long, keratin-rich filaments, insulation, camouflage, sensory structures

• Kidneys that conserve water

• Rapid metabolism associated with endothermy

• Large brain for learning capacity

• Teeth modified for chewing a variety of foods

• Mammary Glands: secrete milk