World War II

Mussolini

dictator of Fascist Italy

Treaty of Versailles

ended WWI, placed War Guilt Clause on Germany and harshly punished them

Weimar Republic

• Germany’s republic

• ruled by a president, a chancellor, and a parliament

Weimar Constitution

A constitution where Germans were given the right to free speech, a peaceful assembly, freedom of religion, private property, and equality

hyperinflation

German government’s solution to fixing inflation by printing money

inflation

increase the cost of goods and services, making them worthless

Dawes Plan

US economic plan to help Germany’s economic burden by paying reparations on a sliding scale. France would lessen their punishment and Germany would stop printing money and use deutschmark instead

Fascism

authoritarian, ultra nationalistic, and militaristic loyalty for the benefit of the ruler and the country

Kristallnacht

all the glass destroyed of Jewish property after the pogroms

Warsaw Ghetto

largest Nazi ghetto of Polish Jews with terrible living conditions

the Final Solution

Hitler’s solution and plan to exterminate all Jews

Weimar Republic

the government of Germany after signing the Treaty of Versailles, ruled by a president, a chancellor, and a parliament through a constitutional monarchy.

Rape of Nanking

Japanese soldiers invaded China to rape, burn, rob, and murder citizens of Nanking

appeasement

countries gave Germany more freedom to do what they wanted to avoid another world war

Battle of Britain

aerial battle between the German Luftwaffe and the British Air Force where Nazi Germany was invading Britain

Bombing of Pearl Harbor

Japan bombed the American navy in Hawaii in response to America’s disliking of Japanese imperialism

Battle of Stalingrad

Germany and Russia fight each other, resulting in Russia’s victory. This was Germany’s first major loss, forcing them to retreat and letting Russia advance further west

Battle of Midway

Japan tried to capture a US military outpost at the Midway Islands. US successfully responded by destroying Japanese aircraft carriers, forcing Japan to retreat. This overturned the war because US became offense

D-day

America landed on the beaches of Normandy after finally successfully sailing to physically fight Germany

VE Day

Germany surrendered their troops to the Allies, ending WWII in Europe

bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

US uses atomic bombs to finalize WWII in Asia and devastates Japan

Nuremberg Laws

anti-Jewish laws that stripped them of citizenship, marriage with non-Jews, education, businesses, and yellow identification badges in Germany

Potsdam Conference

Germany is divided into 4 occupation zones and Nazi leaders would be tried in the Nuremberg Trials

United Nations

international organization to ensure peace and safety, replacing the league of nations

Indian National Congress

led by Mahatma Gandhi. wanted to create national Indian identity, promote political consciousness, and promote democracy

Muslim League

led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Hindu-Muslim unity in an independent India, safeguard rights of Indian Muslims, eventually called for Muslim state in fear independent India would be ruled by Hindus

Amritsar Massacre

Unarmed civilians gathered at Amritsar to protest the Rowlatt Act. Britain killed 1000 innocent Sikhs by closing out escape routes and opening fire

civil disobedience

policy of noncooperation, protesting against unfair laws that targeted Indians

Salt March

a nonviolent march organized by Gandhi against the British salt monopoly and represent independent India

1947 partition

Indian independence leaders had different ideas for independent India and Muslims and Hindus were unwilling to accept a single Indian state. So, Pakistan and India became independent countries four minutes apart

Nehru

ruler of modern day India