The Protestant Reformation and Reformation Ideas Test

World History

A German monk and theologian who was the catalyst of the Protestant Reformation. Trained to become a lawyer, he changed his path, joined a strict order of Roman Catholic monks, and studied theology. Seeking to reform abuses within the Church, Luther challenged Church teachings with his 95 Theses. This led to his excommunication and the development of Lutheranism, the first of several Protestant sects.

Martin Luther

A French theologian and lawyer. Influenced by the humanist philosophy of Erasmus, Calvin became involved with the Protestant movement while a student at the University of Paris. He later moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he set up a theocracy and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion . Calvin's interpretation of Christian doctrine is called Calvinism.

John Calvin

The Holy Roman emperor during the time of Martin Luther's reformation efforts. His immense empire included large areas of Europe. A staunch Catholic, he rejected Luther's doctrines. The Protestant upheaval, along with political pressures, led Charles to voluntarily give up his throne. He divided the empire between his son and his brother. Charles entered a Catholic monastery where he remained until his death.

Charles V

The second Tudor king of England. Well-educated and athletic, he was initially a favorite of the English people. He lost much of that popularity with his constant involvement in wars. Henry's desire for a male heir was the catalyst for his eventual break with the Roman Catholic Church and the formation of the Church of England.

Henry VIII

The first queen to rule England in her own right. The daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was a staunch Catholic who failed to turn back the tide of the Protestant Reformation in England. Her vigorous persecution of Protestants earned her the nickname "Bloody Mary."

Mary Tudor

A Catholic theologian who strongly supported reform. When Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church, Cranmer became England's first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury. He distributed English language Bibles to parish churches and, later, developed the Book of Common Prayer . Cranmer also acted as an adviser to both Henry VIII and his son, Edward VI.

Thomas Cranmer

Became Queen Elizabeth I of England upon the death of Queen Mary. Shifting politics made her early years quite hazardous. Elizabeth used her experiences to become a shrewd and powerful monarch. Under her reign, England became an important European power. England prospered both economically, and culturally. Her balanced handling of the English religious conflicts earned her the nickname Good Queen Bess.

Elizabeth

Went from an early career as a Spanish nobleman soldier to become a theologian and an influential participant in the Catholic Reformation. While recovering from leg surgery, Ignatius read a book on the lives of the saints and decided that serving God was holy chivalry. From that time until his death, Ignatius studied, preached, and did missionary work as founder of the Society of Jesus, an order of religious men who came to be known as Jesuits.

Ignatius of Loyola

Gained renown as the author of several books on spiritual matters. She was a key influence during the Catholic Reformation. As a Carmelite nun, she dedicated herself to a simple religious life built on quiet reflection. Teresa dedicated most of her life to the reform of the Carmelite order, founding many convents throughout Spain.

St. Theresa of Avila

In the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime

Indulgence

Assembly or legislature

Diet

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Predestination

Government run by religious leaders

Theocracy

A city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 Theses

Wittenberg

A subgroup of a major religious group

Sect

Recognize a person as a saint

Canonize

An agreement in which each side makes concessions; an acceptable middle ground

Compromise

Separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live

Ghetto

A group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church

Council of Tent

What was the relationship between the printing press and the reformation?

Helped spread Protestant ideas to Northern Europe. 

What are some major beliefs of Protestantism?

1. Faith alone equals salvation

2. Bibles printed in the vernacular

3. no papal authority

4. priest can marry

How does Calvinism different from Lutheranism?

Predestination faith is decided before your born

What happened within Europe after Protestantism took hold?

Religious conflict and turmoil

Which region of Europe was the most religiously divided?

Central Europe - Holy Roman Empire

What was one of the biggest complaints expressed by Martin Luther in the 95 Theses?

Martin Luther rejected papal authority, especially related to the sale of indulgences.

As Christianity splinted, what arose in Europe?

Intolerance and religious extremism

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?

Called the Council of Tent and acted in its own reforms trying to end corruption. 

How did Henry VIII handle the split with the Catholic Church?

Henry closed Catholic convicts and monasteries and sized Catholic land and wealth.

Who is most responsible for bringing an end to the religious turmoil in England? How did this person achieve this?

Elizabeth the 1st - She compromised by incorporating both Protestant and Catholic aspects into the church of england.