🔬Chapter 1: Intro to Microbiology

Unlike the term microorganism, what does the term microbe include?

Viruses

What is the concept of living things arising from non-living materials called?

Spontaneous generation

How did Redi disprove spontaneous generation?

Worms did not appear on meat covered with fine gauze.

What did John Needham's results support regarding spontaneous generation?

He showed that broths boiled and sealed with a cork could still give rise to microorganisms.

What is 'vital force' known as today?

Oxygen

Why are viruses not considered microorganisms?

They are not composed of cells.

What was the purpose of Pasteur's swan-necked flasks?

The bend in the necks caught microbes and blocked them from reaching the broth.

What defines spontaneous generation?

Life arose from non-living matter.

What materials would have led Pasteur to similar results as Tyndall's experiments?

Hay and soil

Who experimented with raw meat, worms, and flies to disprove spontaneous generation?

Francesco Redi

What is the Golden Age of Microbiology known for?

The discovery of many disease-causing microorganisms.

Why did John Needham believe microorganisms appeared in boiled broth?

He believed boiling would kill any living thing in the broth.

What did Spallanzani's experiments show about boiled flasks?

They remained free of microorganisms.

What is the next step after identifying a research idea?

Developing a testable hypothesis.

What would Pasteur's results likely have supported if he had experimented in a horse stable?

The idea of spontaneous generation.

What does Pasteur's experiment with swan-neck flasks represent in the scientific method?

Control

What does the Germ Theory of Disease state?

Microorganisms could cause infection and disease.

What can solid, repeatable scientific evidence lead to?

Theory

Which statement about normal microbiota is FALSE?

They frequently help 'old friends' cause severe disease.

What are two goals of the Human Microbiome Project?

Characterize the microbes living on healthy human bodies.

What are the steps of the scientific process?

1. Make an observation and ask a question; 2. Develop explanation and design experiment; 3. Collect data and draw conclusion; 4. Communicate methods, results, and conclusions.

What are the results collected during the scientific method called?

Data

What is a scientific theory?

An explanation based on many observations during repeated investigations.

How can the microbial inhabitants of the human body be best described?

A planet composed of various ecosystems.

What does the 'Old Friends' hypothesis suggest?

It suggests that our immune system benefits from exposure to certain microbes.

What could microorganisms cause?

Infection and disease

Solid, repeatable, extensive amounts of scientific evidence can lead to which of the following?

Theory

Which statement about the normal microbiota is FALSE?

Frequently is involved in helping 'old friends' cause severe disease and possible death

What is the normal microbiota?

The group of microorganisms routinely found growing on the body of healthy individuals.

What are the results collected by observation and experimentation called?

Data

True or False: Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients.

True

What are the overlapping meanings of the term microbiome?

The microbial community itself and the total genetic content of a microbial community.

If cattle, sheep, and deer had a microbe-free digestive tract, what would happen?

They would starve.

What are the bacteria added to some fermented milk products advertised as?

Probiotics.

What is bioremediation?

The use of microorganisms to clean up a polluted environment.

How can the human body and its microbial inhabitants be compared?

To the earth's environments and their interacting inhabitants.

What should a model organism in research do?

Function in a manner similar to other organisms.

Without microorganisms, what would happen to substances required for human life such as O2 and organic nitrogen?

They would run out.

In which two ways can pathogens cause disease symptoms?

Tissue damage by pathogen growth and products; Damage by the immune system while controlling an infection.

Which species can directly digest cellulose?

Microbes.

How was the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in England controlled?

By destroying millions of pigs, sheep, and cattle.

Which three products are manufactured by microbial fermentation?

Beer, cheese, yogurt.

What was the most recent example of an emerging infectious disease that impacted the entire world?

COVID-19.

What is an example of bioremediation?

Using microbes to digest oil after a spill in the ocean.

Which three factors may result in emerging infectious diseases?

Pathogens evolve to infect new hosts; Pathogens may develop drug resistance; People may become resistant to antibiotics.

Why do microorganisms serve as important models for the study of higher organisms?

They have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as other organisms.

How can cervical cancer caused by HPV be prevented?

By a vaccine.

What are pathogens?

Microorganisms that cause disease.

What system of nomenclature is used for scientific names?

Binomial; developed by Carl Linnaeus.

Match the disease to the animals it affected: Foot-and-mouth disease.

Cattle.

Which diseases are examples of emerging infectious diseases?

Ebola virus disease, Mad cow disease, Lyme disease, Zika congenital syndrome.

Which diseases can result from organisms 'jumping' from a natural animal host to humans?

Emerging infectious diseases.

What are most stomach ulcers treatable with?

Antibiotics.

Which of the following is properly written?

Staphylococcus aureus.

Identify which three factors may result in emerging infectious diseases.

Pathogens may develop drug resistance; Pathogens evolve to infect new hosts; People may become resistant to antibiotics.