Chapters 54 and 55 biology

Ecology defintion

Study of how organisms relate to one another and to their

environments.

Key elements of the environment 4

temperature

water

sunlight

soil

Organisms must be able to cope with a range of living conditions through

development of different responses: (3)

Physiological

Mophological

Behavioral

Homeostasis ndividual must maintain a _______ internal enviroment regardless of external envirment

steady state

some are “conformers” adopt their tempatures salinity of their ______

surroundings

d morphological responce L polar bears and wollves have thicker fur during the ______ but less during the______

winter

summer

Behavioral responce Lizards out in the open dont spend much energy to regulate tempature while the ones in the shade do becasue they are ______

ectothermic

Coping mechanisms phsiological responces 2

sweating

increased erythocyte production

Morphological capibilities coping mechanism endotherms have adapations that minimze _____ expenditure (thick fur coats during the winter)

Energy

Coping mechanism behavioral responses 2 examples

moving from one habitat to another

maintaining body temperatures opP

Population defiinition

Groups of individuals in one place at a time

3 charecteristics of population ecology

1) population range,

2) pattern of spacing of indivduals

3) how population changes in size overtime

Populaton range : most species have a limited ____ range (area in which they are located)

geographic

Devils hole pupfish lives in a single spring in southern _____ making them an endermic species which means:

Nevada

only found in one specific geographic range

example of an endermic species in the arctic

polar bears

Changes in population is the change in _____ through time

range change through time

enviormental changes can cause changes in _____

populations

Circumvent inhospiaal habitaait to colonize suitable previous unoccupied areas can cause _____ or ______ over time

changes in population or range over time

Humans have expanded the ranges of _____ intorduced ____

coyotes

starrlings

what caused the northward expansion of trees: after the glaciiers retreated ____ ad ____ populations expanded northward because changes in climate allowed populations to live at _______

plant and animal

higher elevations

The cattle egret expanded its

range across an ______ from africa to south america and continues to expand its range ____ward

ocean

northward

Dispersal mecahnisms lizards colonized distant islands due to indivudals ____ floating or drifting on vegetation

eggs

name the three types of spacing pattterns

Random spacing

uniform spacing

clumped spacing

Random spacing indivduals do not _____ strongly with one another is this common in nature?

interact

NO

Uniform spacing behavioral _____ resoruce _____ seen in penguins for territorial purposes and in competitions; this is also seen in some vascular plants, some of which have toxins emanating from their roots, so seeds

interactions

competition

clumpt spacing _____ distrubituion of resources clumped around a ______ examples of this includeee

uneven

resource pool

flocks herds prides gaggles

two benifits of clumped spacing increased ____ and defense against _____

awarness

predators

Metapopulations occur in areas in which suitable habitat is ____ distrubuted and is seperarted by intervening streches of _____ habitat

patchily

unsuitable habitat

metapopulations cause increased rates of _____ and population ____ may occur

extinct

bottle necks

metapopulations small populations have few ______ and ineractions may not be _____

dispersers

symmetrical

metapopulation population increase and send out many _____

dispersers

Source sink metapopulation some areas are suitable for long term habitat others are not populations in better areas are a (____) populations in poor areas are (_____)

source

sink

Metapopulations can have two implications for the range of a species

continuious conlonization of empty patches preventing long term extinction

in source sink emta populations the speices occupies a larger area than it otherwise might

Glanville frittillary butterfly none of the populations is large enough to survive for long on its own, but continal _____ of indivudals from other _____ allow some populations to surive

immigration

populations

Demography is the _____ study of populations

quantitative

Population demography is how populations cahng in terms of ______ over time

amount

population demograpics study ___ and ____ rates at a specifc age and when populations are increeasing decreasing or remaining constant

birth and death

populaton growth infkuenced by sex ratio birth directly coralates with what gender

feamles

Generation times definition

average interval between birth of an indivudal and birth of its offspring

Populations with short generatons can increase in size more _____ than population with long generations

quickly

age sturcture is determined by indivudals in a different ____ group

age

Cohort =

group of indivduals of the same age

fecundity =

number of off spring produced in a standard time

mortality =

death rate in a standard time

age structure has a critical influence on populations _____ rate

growth

surviorship= percent of an orginal population that ____ to a given age

surives

surivor ship curve expresses some aspects of ____ distribution

age

type 1 curve

death increases as we increase in age

type 2 curve

death or morality is equally likely throught the entire life

type 3 curve

morality is high in yougner ages

Natural selection favors traits that maximize

the number of surviving offspring left in the

next generation by an individual organism

• 2 factors affect this quantity.

how long an indivudal lives

how many young it produces each year

lif hisory is the complete _____ of an organism

life cycle

n terms of natural selection, the number

of offspring produced is not as important

as how many of those offspring

themselves ______

survive and reproduce

Larger offspring have a greater chance

of

survival

Producing many small offspring may

result in very _____ survival rates

LOW

Age at first reproduction correlates with

life span

Long lived species delay _____ advnatage juveniles gain experience before high cost of _______

reproduction x 2

short lived reproduce ______ time is important delay may mean no _____

early

offspring

expontental grwoth model applies to populations with

no growth limits

Biotic potental there are no limits on

popultation growth

Carrying capacity, the biotic potential of any population is exponential even when the rate of increase remains ______

constant

result of an unchecked exponental growth population is a _____

explosion

all populations eventualy reach some limit imposed by a _____

resources shortage

carrying copacity represenrted by k is

maxium number an indivudal that enviorment can support

Logistical model population grow until they reach

K

Density depdendent factors that affect the population and depend on

population size

density indepdent other factors such as natural disasters affect population regarddless of

size

example of indepdent dessity

dorught, winters, volanic erruptions

populations display _____ growth patterns because of these events density indepdent effects

errratic

North american snowshoe hare has 10 year cycle two factors generate this cycle

food plants and predators

krebbs experiement to determine if overhavesting of crops or increase in lynx population cased ____ in hare populatons

oscillations

resource avalilbity affects life history adapation, when resources are limited the cost of ____ is high

reproduction

selection will favor indivduals that can compete and utilize ____ effeciently

resources

resouce avalibity can lower ____ rates

reproduction

K selected populations thrive when population is near

carrying capcity

R selected favors indivduals with highest

reproduction rates

r selected populations population is far below _____ and resorucs are ____

carrying capcity

abundant

cost of reproduction are ______ for r selected species

LOW

most nautral populations show life hisotry adaption that exist along a continumm of ____ and ____ selected traits

r

k

Age of reproduction r selected and k

early

late

Life span r selected k selected

short

long

maturation time r selected k selected

short

long

r selected k selected mortality rate

high

low

r selected k selected number of offspring produced per reproductive episode

many

few

number of reproductions per life time r selected k selected

few

many

partnetal care r selected k selected

none

often extensive

r selected k selected size of offspring or eggs

small

large

osysters are a ____ selected species

R