Chemistry - C18: Carboxylic acids

Reactions & formation of Carbox acids

Formation of Carboxylic acid - Oxidation of primary alcohol

1. Reagent: K2Cr2O7 or KMnO4 + Diluted H2So4

2. Condition: reflux

Formation of Carboxylic acid - O

1. Reagent: K2Cr2O7 or KMnO4 + Diluted H2So4

2. Condition: reflux

Formation of Carboxylic acid - Hydrolysis of nitriles

1. Reagent: Diluted H2SO4 or HCl

2. Condition: Reflux

Formation of Carboxylic acid - Reaction of nitriles with NaoH followed by acidification

1. Reagent: Aqueous NaoH followed by H2SO4 

2. Condition: Reflux

Reaction with Carboxylic acid: Formation of salts - Redox reactions w Mg & Na

1. Redox reactions w Mg & Na

2. Product: Metal salt + h2(g)

Reaction with Carboxylic acid: Formation of salts - Neutralisation w alkalis

Product: salt + H20

Reaction with Carboxylic acid: Formation of salts - Acid-base w carbonates

Product: salt + Co2 + H20

Reaction with Carboxylic acid: Formation of esters (esterification)

1. Reagents: Alcohols

2. Conditions: Reflux, small amounts of conc H2So4 (catalyst)

   1. Function of catalyst

      1. Increase the yield of ester by removing H20 formed

      2. Shifts equilibrium to the right

      3. BUT IS STILL SLOW AND REVERSIBLE

   2. To ⬆yield

      1. Increase temp

      2. Use excess of alcohol

Reaction with Carboxylic acid: Reduction of carboxylic acid

1. Reagent: LiAlH4 in dry ether

2. Condition: Room temp

3. Product: Primary alcohol

Hydrolysis of Esters (reverse of esterification) - Acid hydrolysis

1. Condition: reflux w dilute H2So4 or HCl

2. Product: Alcohol & carboxylic acid

Hydrolysis of Esters (reverse of esterification) - Alkaline hydrolysis

1. Condition: reflux with NaoH

2. Product: Alcohol & Sodium salt of carboxylic acid