Readings in Philippine History - Midterm Review (Ch 1-3)

Flashcards covering the meanings, methods, sources, primary/secondary distinctions, criticism types, and key historical figures/events from the notes.

What is the origin and meaning of the word 'history' and what does it deal with?

From the Greek word historia meaning 'learning by inquiry'; it deals with the study of past events.

How did Aristotle view history?

As a systematic accounting of natural phenomena, organized in chronological order.

What are the two theories constructed by historians in investigating history?

Factual History (what, when, who) and Speculative History (why and how; reasons and process).

Define historiography.

The practice of historical writing; the traditional method of gathering documents from libraries/archives to form a pool of evidence.

What are the limitations of historical knowledge?

Incompleteness of records; history-as-actuality vs history-as-record; history as a subjective process; pursuit of verisimilitude (truth, authenticity, plausibility).

What does verisimilitude mean in historical criticism?

Truth, authenticity, and plausibility of historical reconstructions.

What is the Historical Method?

The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past.

What is historiography as a discipline?

Imaginative reconstruction of the past from data derived by the historical method.

List the steps of historical analysis.

1) Select the subject; 2) Collect probable sources; 3) Examine genuineness of sources; 4) Extract credible particulars; synthesis and analysis are interdependent.

What is a primary source?

Original, first-hand accounts or testimony about an event or period (e.g., diaries, journals, sound recordings, interviews).

What are the advantages of primary sources?

Provide direct, unfiltered access; created by people who lived during the period; offers a sense of what it was like.

What are the disadvantages of primary sources?

Often incomplete and lack context; require cross-referencing with multiple sources.

What is a secondary source?

A work created after the fact that interprets or analyzes primary sources (biographies, histories, literary criticism).

What are the advantages of secondary sources?

Provide synthesis, interpretation, background information, and expert views; often collate multiple primary sources.

What are the disadvantages of secondary sources?

Reliability and validity can be questionable; not firsthand.

What are the three types of written sources?

Narrative/Literary; Diplomatic/Juridical; Social Documents.

What are non-written sources of history?

Material evidence (archaeological) and Oral evidence.

What are examples of social documents?

Government reports, municipal accounts, census records, property registers, and other bureaucratic records.

What is External Criticism in Historical Criticism?

Assessing authenticity by examining provenance, date, handwriting, seals, and detecting hoaxes.

What is Internal Criticism?

Assessing the credibility of the testimony and the likelihood that the statements are true.

What is Test of Authenticity?

Isographs (handwriting dictionaries), sigillography (seals), anachronistic style checks, provenance, semantics, and hermeneutics.

What is Test of Credibility?

Evaluating the author’s reliability, date, and proximity to the event to judge truthfulness.

What is Content Analysis?

Systematic evaluation of a primary source’s content (text, painting, caricature, speech).

What is Contextual Analysis?

Evaluating the time, place, and situation when the primary source was written.

Who wrote 'Customs of the Tagalogs' and when?

Juan de Plasencia, a Franciscan missionary, 1578–1590.

What is a Datu?

A chief who governed and led wars in Tagalog communities.

What is a Barangay?

The tribal gathering; the basic political unit of the Tagalogs.

What are the two kinds of slave in Tagalog society?

Sa guiguilir (can be sold) and Namamahay (can live away from the master’s house).

What is a Dowry in Tagalog culture?

Dowries are given by men to the women’s parents before marriage.

What is Simbahan?

A temple or place of adoration.

Who is the main chronicler of the First Voyage around the World?

Antonio Pigafetta.

Which ships made up Magellan’s fleet?

Trinidad, Victoria, Concepcion, San Antonio, Santiago.

When did Magellan’s voyage begin and end?

Began in 1519 and ended in 1522.

Who defeated Magellan in the Battle of Mactan and when?

Datu Lapulapu on April 27, 1521.

Who completed the voyage after Magellan’s death?

Juan Sebastián Elcano.

What is Baloto and Balanghai?

Baloto: a small fishing boat; Balanghai: a long boat used by local peoples.

What is the Watering Place of Good Signs (Humunu) known for?

Site where the first signs of gold were found; it has two springs of fresh water.

Who translated the voyage narrative into English?

Lord Stanley of Alderley.

Who authored 'Customs of the Tagalogs'?

Juan de Plasencia (Placencia).