Pelvic Limbs VHS211

What kind of joint are the pelvic limbs joined to the axial skeleton by?

Sacroiliac joints

Another name for the pelvis is the?

Os coaxe

How does the pelvis/os coaxe form?

2 parts join centrally via cartilaginous pelvic symphasis (midline under pubis); joins to the axial skeleton by L&R sacroiliac joints

The 3 regions/bones of the pelvis?

Ilium, ischium, pubis

Describe the 3 bones of the pelvis.

Ilium = cranial most (what you put your hands on), wings that project fwd & tuber coaxe projects laterally; Iscium = caudal most (sit on); pubis = smallest of 3, located medially and forms cranial portion of pelvic floor.

What are the obturator foramina? Their purpose is?

The obturator foramina are 2 large holes in either side of the pelvis; used to lighten the pelvis. Few blood vessels pass through.

Describe the femur bone

Long bone of the thigh; proximal end = ball/head of coxofemoral joint; fits snugly into acetabulum (socket). Lateral large processes = trochanters; bigger one = greater trochanter. Distal end = stifle joint w/patella/tibula; 3 articulate surfaces (2 med/lat condyles and 1 trochlea [home to patella]).

Describe the patella.

Kneecap; largest sesamoid in the body; formed @ distal tendon of quadriceps femoris; protects tendon during flexion (passing down over trochlea and inserting in tibial crest).

Describe the fabella(e).

Two small sesamoids on proximal calf muscle (gastrocnemius) tendons; proximal to femoral condyles in dogs/cats, NOT in cattle/horses.

Describe the tibia.

The main weight bearing bone of pelvic limb(s); forms stifle joint proximally with femur (tibial condyles artic. w/femoral condyles) and hock joint distally; looks like triangle from above. Apex forward: tibial tuberosity = patellar ligament attached; tuberosity continues distally and becomes ridge called tibial crest.

What are the medial and lateral malleoluses?

The knobs on the inside (medial; tibia) and outside (lateral; fibula) of the ankle/hock.

What bone makes the ankle/hock? Describe it.

Tarsus; two short rows of tarsal bones (1st named 2nd numbered). Tibial tarsal: large trochlea — articulates w distal end of tibia to form hock joint. Fibular tarsal: calcaneal tuberosity that projects up and back to form hock joint (“heel”). Central tarsal bone tucked behind tibial and fibular tarsals.

Describe the metatarsal bones of the pelvic limbs.

Almost exactly like thoracic metacarpal bones; dogs and cats have 4 instead of 5 (usually). Metatarsal bones 2-5 (no #1). Horse’s metatarsal bone = cannon bone (one large bone); 2 smaller vestigial metatarsals = splint bones.

What are some of the visceral skeleton bones?

Os cordis: sheep/cattle ❤ valve bones; Os penis: dog/raccoon/beaver/walrus penile bone (surround penile portion of urethra); Os rostri: pig nose bone for rooting

What are the 5 joint types?

Fibrous (immovable), cartilaginous (slightly movable), synovial (VERY movable), ligaments (stabilize joint), stifle.

Features of joints?

Meniscus: flat cartilaginous structure that rests on the tibial condyle to cushion joint; Patella: in cranial stifle (quadriceps femoral/patellar ligament); Medial/Lateral Collateral Ligaments: prevent side/side movement; Cranial/Caudal Cruciate Ligaments: inside the joint, prevent cranial/caudal sliding, named based on location.

Describe synovial joint movements and types.

Synovial joint movements: flexion (dec. in angle btwn 2 bones), extension (inc. in angle btwn 2 bones), adduction (move closer to median plane), abduction (away from median plane); Types: Hinge (flex/extend), Gliding (“rocking” joint, limited flex/exten & adduct/abduct), Pivot (pivot/rotate on one another, ONE in atlantoaxial joint “no”), Ball and Socket (allow all movements).