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Psychology
the study of the mind and behavior
Nature vs Nurture
the question of, "is our behavior more related to our genes, or the environment we were raised in?"
Biopsychosocial Approach
approach to nature vs nurture which states that the answer is a combination of nature and nurture
Hippocrates
the father of medicine
Socratic Method
questioning to arrive at a understanding
How are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle related
Plato was a student of Socrates and Aristotle was a student of Plato
Plato
a dualist who believed in rationalism
Aristotle
a monist who believed in empiricism
Dualism
the idea that the mind and body are separate entities
Rationalism
the belief in innate ideas, reason, and deduction
Monism
the idea that the mind and body are one entity
Empiricism
the belief in induction, sense perception, and that ideas come from experience
Dialectic
a style of thinking that relies on thorough and rational discussions to resolve differences in opinions
Thesis
someone's statement of opinion
Antithesis
a belief or opinion of different perspective than the thesis
Synthesis (Discussion)
the combining of the opinions to resolve the contradiction
Atheoretical
without a theory
Sir Francis Bacon
an englishman who believed science should be empirical
Rene Descartes
a french philosopher who revived plato's rationalism and the ideas of dualism
Cogito Ergo Sum
famous line spoken by Rene Descartes meaning "I think therefore I am"
John Locke
an english philosopher and an empiricist who described the mind and body in modest view of oneself
Tabula Rasa
John Locke's concept of the mind meaning "blank slate"
Immanuel Kant
a german philosopher who was one of the first to propose that rationalism and empiricism are both important to knowledge acquisition
A Priori
from the earlier
A Posteriori
from the latter
What is meant by a priori and a posteriori in terms of psychology
they refer to combining nature and nurture to solve nature vs nurture(biopsychosocial approach)
Introspection
self-examination and looking inward for thoughts and ideas
Wilhelm Wundt
founder of modern psychology and creator of the first psychological laboratory in the world
Structuralism
the first major way of thinking in psychology which uses the techniques of introspection to determine the structure organization of the mind
G. Stanley Hall
a student of Wilhelm Wundt who went to establish the first psychology laboratory in the USA
Edward Titchener
a student of Wilhelm Wundt who brought structuralist ideas and techniques to Cornell University
William James
founder of functionalism who was influenced by Charles Darwin
Functionalism
the belief that humans to be actively engaged in their sensations and thoughts
Mary Whiton Calkins
the first woman president of the American Psychological Association
Margaret Floy Washburn
the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology
Associationism
a way of thinking that examines how ideas can become linked in our head to result in learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
one of the earliest of associationists who spent the bulk of his career and life testing and recording his memory
Edward Lee Thorndike
associationist who is best known for creating the law of effect
Law of Effect
the idea that rewarded behaviors will occur more frequently and punished behaviors will occur less frequently
(NvN) Behaviorist Perspective
behavior develops through reward and punishment
(NvN) Psychoanalytic Perspective
behavior develops through past experience and the unconscious mind
(NvN) Humanistic Perspective
behavior develops through self esteem and human potential
(NvN) Cognitivism Perspective
behavior develops through thoughts and thought processes
(NvN) Biological Perspective
behavior develops from brain chemistry, structure, function, and anomalies
(NvN) Sociobiological/Evolutionary Perspective
behavior develops through human adaptation, change, and evolution
Ivan Pavlov
notable behaviorist who conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell
John B. Watson
notable behaviorist who is notorious for his experiment known as Little Albert, when he conditioned a child to fear a rat
B.F. Skinner
notable behaviorist who founded operant conditioning
Sigmund Freud
founder of the psychoanalytic perspective who focused on unconscious conflicts in the mind between the id, ego, and superego
Determinism
the idea that all thought, actions, emotions are predetermined by your unconscious, and not due to choice
Abraham Maslow
notable humanist who created the idea of self-actualization as the peak of our hierarchy of human needs
Carl Rogers
notable humanist who emphasized the importance of having a source of unconditional support in your life to help you prosper
Ulric Neisser
father of cognitive psychology who wrote the first book about the perspective
Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
notable cognitivists who created detailed models for how people think and process
Roger Sperry
notable researcher in the field of the biological/physiological approach who focused on hemispheric specialization
Psychometrics
the study and measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
Biological Psychologist
profession which involves studying the function of the brain, neurotransmitters, and the body
Developmental Psychologist
profession which involves studying human development from birth to death
Cognitive Psychologist
profession which involves studying how we think and perceive as well as how we problem solve and plan
Educational Psychologist
profession which involves improving teaching and learning
Personality Psychologist
profession which involves studying how to better understand personality traits and personality testing
Social Psychologist
profession which involves studying how we interact in groups
Industrial-Organizational Psychologist
profession which involves finding ways to improve the workplace
Human Factors Psychologist
a type of industrial-organizational psychologist that looks at how humans and machines interact, and how the workplace environment can be improved
Counseling Psychologist
profession which involves helping people work through general life problems, such as relationships, work, school, etc
Clinical Psychologist
profession which involves assessing and treating people with psych disorders
Psychiatrists
medical doctors trained to work with patients with psych disorders and they'll provide medical interventions and treatments
Sports Psychologist
profession which involves helping athletes to improve performance and overcome mental setbacks
Forensic Psychologist
profession which involves working primarily in the courts and legal system
Hypothesis
a prediction that can be tested
Operational Definition
a precise explanation of the terms of your research
Theory
an explanation that uses principles to organize observations, and predicts behaviors or events
Descriptive Research
research that describes people, events, and behaviors
Case Study
an in-depth look at all aspects of a single case- meaning one person, or one group
Clinical Method
case studies in which a therapist is working with a patient
Naturalistic Observation
a type of research involves observing a person or an animal in the environment in which they live
Observer Effect
when there are changes in the behaviour of your subject caused by an awareness that they are being observed
Observer Bias
when the observers of the subjects see what they expect to see or record only selected details
Survey Method
using public polling techniques to answer psychological questions
Sampling Bias
a flaw when you have a sample of responses that produces and unrepresentative sample
Courtesy Bias
a tendency for respondents to give polite or socially desirable answers
Response Bias
when not all surveys are returned
Correlational Study
when researchers are looking for the existence of a relationship between two events measures, or variables
Correlation Coefficient
a number ranging from -1.0 to +1.0 which represents the direction/type of the relationship in a correlational study
Positive Correlations
when increases in one variable are matched by increases in the other variable
Negative Correlations
when increases in one variable are matched by decreases in the other variable
Illusory Correlations
perceived relationships where none exist
Experiment
a form of research that demonstrates a cause and effect relationship if done correctly
Independent Variables
conditions altered by the experimenter or the cause
Dependent Variables
conditions measured by the experimenters that may change as a result of the independent variable
Confounding Variables
something other than the independent variable that could also effect what is being studied
Experimental Group
a group of subjects that gets all conditions including the independent variable
Control Group
a group of subjects that gets all conditions except the independent variable
Random Assignment
a subject has an equal chance of being an either the experimental or control group
Representative Sample
a small group that accurately reflects a larger population
Placebo Effect
changes in behavior that result from the belief that one has received a specific substance or condition
Single Blind Experiment
an experiment in which the subjects have no idea whether they get real treatment or a placebo
Double Blind Experiment
an experiment in which both the subjects and the experimenters have no idea whether they are receiving the real treatment or the placebo
Descriptive Statistics
the numbers you use to describe and to summarize your data
Median
the middle score in a distribution
