membrane structure

Each membrane has two dense outer layers consisting of __________ phosphate heads, and an inner more fluid layer of __________ fatty acid tails.

polar; non-polar

Phospholipids are essentially in a __________ state.

liquid

Hydrophobic molecules can __________ through the membrane, whereas it is impermeable to __________ and hydrophilic molecules.

freely diffuse; ions

The phospholipids are separated into 5 groups depending on the small charged molecule that is attached to the __________ head.

phosphate

Cholesterol increases rigidity of the membrane, decreases __________ and decreases permeability.

fluidity

Membrane fluidity is affected by the nature of the fatty acid chains; double bonds increase fluidity as they cause __________ preventing tight packing.

kinks

There is an asymmetric distribution of phospholipids; the outer leaflet contains __________, SM and glycolipids, while the inner leaflet contains __________, PI and PS.

PC; PE

Dying neurons are recognized by presenting __________ on the outer leaflet to ensure they are phagocytosed.

PS

Integral proteins are incorporated into the membrane of the ER during __________ synthesis.

protein

N-acylation is the attachment of a hydrocarbon chain to the __________ of a protein.

N-terminus

S-palmitoylation anchors certain cytosolic proteins to the __________ leaflet of the membrane.

cytosolic

Lateral movement of proteins is restricted due to aggregation within the cell membrane, forming __________.

lipid rafts

Lipid rafts are associated with the protein __________ which forms Cavelae.

CAVEOLIN

The outer leaflet of the membrane is involved in __________, while the inner leaflet is involved in signalling.

cell contact

Cholesterol is important for maintaining the __________ of the cell membrane and reducing __________.

rigidity; fluidity

The presence of __________ in fatty acid chains introduces kinks that enhance membrane fluidity.

double bonds

The inner leaflet of the membrane primarily consists of __________, phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS).

phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)

In dying neurons, __________ on the outer leaflet serves as a signal for phagocytosis.

phosphatidylserine (PS)

The incorporation of integral proteins into the ER occurs during __________ synthesis.

protein

Lipid rafts serve as platforms for __________ and are associated with various membrane proteins.

cell signaling

Caveolae are formed by the protein __________, which plays a role in endocytosis.

CAVEOLIN

Peripheral proteins are typically found on the __________ of the membrane, while integral proteins span the membrane.

surface