Premise and Conclusion Indicators + Conditional Keywords

Therefore

conclusion

Thus

conclusion

Hence

conclusion

So

conclusion

As a result

conclusion

Consequently

conclusion

It follows that

conclusion

It is clear that

conclusion

Shows

conclusion

Accordingly

conclusion

Clearly

conclusion

In addition

premise

After all

premise

As

premise

Because

premise

For example

premise

For

premise

Since

premise

Given that

premise

Due to

premise

The fact that

premise

Moreover

premise

Furthermore

premise

If

Sufficient Keyword

When

Sufficient Keyword

All

Sufficient Keyword

Any

Sufficient Keyword

Every

Sufficient Keyword

Each

Sufficient Keyword

The Only

Sufficient Keyword

If and Only If/ If but only if

Sufficient and necessary

Unless

= if not, Sufficient condition but negated

Without

= if not, Sufficient condition but negated

Until

= if not, Sufficient condition but negated

Except

= if not, Sufficient condition but negated

Then

Necessary keyword

Only if (keyword in answer)

Necessary keyword

Only

Necessary keyword

No/none torpedo

Noun right after no is sufficient, everything else is necessary and negated

Only use if no other conditional statements in specific sentence

Statements after unless are the X condition?

Sufficient

In order to *keyword not in answer

Sufficient

Only when

necessary

Depends

necessary

Cannot/Can’t

necessary; negates necessary (then not)

Must not

necessary; negates necessary (then not)

Never

necessary; negates necessary (then not)

Then not

necessary; negates necessary

Nobody

sufficient; negates necessary (torpedo)

Nowhere/Nothing

sufficient; negates necessary (torpedo)

What is a good way to describe sufficient terms?

All encompassing of a group or situation

What is a good way to describe necessary terms?

Synonyms of required/necessary

Not All

Change not all to “some” and negate the second part of the statement

How can I combine all + some and what is the result?

1. Sufficient condition of the “all” matches either one of the “some” terms

2. I can make a valid “some” conclusion between the other terms

How can I combine all + most and what is the result?

1. If sufficient condition of “all” matches the left side of “most” statement = valid “some” conclusion between other terms

2. If sufficient condition of “all” matches the right side of the “Most” = valid “most” conclusion between the other terms

How can I combine all + all and what is the result?

1. If Sufficient conditions of both terms are shared = valid some conclusion between the other terms

How can I combine most + most and what is the result?

1. If left side of both statements are shared = valid “some” conclusion between the other terms

What 3 things can I never combine for a valid inference?

• most + some

• some + some

• if the shared term in the “all” statement is the necessary condition