biology god help me

nonpolar bonds

electrons shared evenly

polar bonds

shared unevenly, one attracts more strongly

hydrogen bond

when partially positive H attracts to positively negative O of another water molecule

adhesion

H bonding between H2O and OTHER substances

cohesion

Water bonding to water

Ice floats

Hydrogen bonds arrange ice molecules, solid ice is less dense than water

Universal solvent

waters charged sides pull apart other charged or polar substances like salt and sugar.

capillary action

water moving up through narrow spaces

surface tension

water molecules cling tightly to each other at the surface

high specific heat

water absorbs and loses heat without changing temp as quickly.

hydrophilic molecules

are charged molecules that are attracted to the partial charge of the water molecule

hydrophobic molecules

are uncharged, nonionic substances that seem to repel water

Water is a polar molecule. This means that __________.

the opposite ends of the molecule have opposite electrical charges

Sweating has a cooling effect because of water's high

heat of vaporization

Dehydration synthesis

Joins monomers together by taking a hydrogen and hydroxyl group, create polymers and water.

Hydrolysis

A water molecule is forced into the bond, the water splits into H and OH which attach to the newly seperated monomers, breaking them apart. 

Carbohydrates

made of C H O.These are mostly important for  Energy Structure

monosaccharides

monomers for carbohydrates

glucose fructose galactose

monosaccharides

isomers

sugars have same molecular formula but different structures and properties.

Disaccharides

two sugars bonded through dehydration synthesis that forms a covalent bond between the two.

glucose + glucose

maltose

glucose + fructose

sucrose

glucose + galactose

lactose

Polysaccharide

long chain of sugar molecules

Starch

Plant energy. They store exces glucose as starch. This is a slow release energy. 

Glycogen

Storage of energy in animals and fungus, stores the glucose as glycogen in your liver and muscles. This is a fast release of energy.

Cellulose

Found in plant cell walls.For structure and strength. This is a polymer made of glucose.

Chitin

Another structural carbohydrate!! Found in fungi, insects.

Lipids are

Hydrophobic molecules

Lipids are for

long term energy storage cell membranes insulation and protection hormones and signaling

saturated fats

no carbon double bonds, can stack on each other like bricks, therefore are solid.

unsaturated fats

has double bonds, has kinks in structure, don’t stack nicely, therefore liquid.

Triglycerides (type of lipid)

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids, used for long term energy storage

Phospholipids (type of lipid)

1 glucerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group

The phospholipid head is

hydrophillic

phospholipid tails are

hydrophobic

phospholipids bilayer

because of heads facing water, tails facing away from water, forms basic structure of the cell membrane

steroids

4 connected carbon rings

cholesterol steroids

helps control cell membrane fluidity and sex hormones

proteins monomers

amino acids

amino acids all have

a central carbon, an amino group(nh2) a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group.

what do R groups determine

hydrophillic properties, hydrophobic, charges

peptide bond

dehydration synthesis bonds together the amino acids

polypeptide

a protein made up from one or more polypeptide chains that fold into a specific shape

protein structures

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

primary

The order of amino acids in the chain

A-G-C-L-V-A

Secondary

Alpha helix: Hydrogen bonds between every 4th amino acids creates a coil structure. 

B pleated sheets: hydrogen bonds form between two or more parts of chain. Folded sheets

Tertiary 

This is where the different R groups interact with eachother, hydrophobic: R groups cluster in the middle out of contact with water, ionic bonds form from attractions between R groups that have opposite charges. 

Quaternary 4 structure

Multiples polypeptide chains that come together. Only then does the polypeptide actually become a functional protein.

Denaturation

If a proteins environment changes, it’s shape changes too. 

Enzymes

These are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Can create a molecules, or break down a molecule

nucleic acid function

storing genetic information, or storing raw energy

monomers of nucleic acid

nucleotide

nucleotide 3 parts

sugar,phosphate group, nitrogenous

DNA uses

A- Adenine T- Thymine C- Cytosine G- Guanine

RNA uses

A- Adenine U- Uracil C- Cytosine G- Guanine

DNA

is a long strand of these nucleotides bonded together

What is a double helix

DNA has two strands, these strands twist around each other creating a double helix.

A + T

2 hydrogen bonds

G + C

3 hydrogen bonds

5’-3’

rightside up strands

3’-5’

upside down