Understanding Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning

Learning

Process of acquiring new information or behavior.

Habituation

Adapting to unchanging repeated stimuli.

Evolution

Behavior changes across generations stored in genes.

Behaviorist

Focus on observable behavior in psychology.

Ivan Pavlov

Conducted classical conditioning research with dogs.

Classical Conditioning

Associating environmental stimulus with behavioral response.

Associative Learning

Understanding events occur together.

Central Nervous System

Stores learning changes during a person's lifetime.

Observable Behavior

Behavior that can be seen and measured.

Animal Behavior

Focus of early psychological research.

Cognition

Mental processes like thinking and emotion.

RTA

Research Teaching Assistant involved in learning discussions.

Stimulus

Environmental factor that elicits a response.

Behavior Change

Modification of actions due to learning.

Practice

Repetition leading to learning and skill improvement.

Experience

Knowledge gained through involvement or exposure.

Sensation and Perception

Study of how we interpret sensory information.

Psychology

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Mental Processes

Internal activities like thinking and feeling.

Dog Training

Using conditioning to teach dogs behaviors.

Environmental Stimulus

External factor influencing behavior or response.

Behavioral Response

Action taken in reaction to a stimulus.

Learning Theory

Framework explaining how learning occurs.

Conditioned Response

Learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus

Previously neutral stimulus that elicits a response.

Unconditioned Response

Natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Unconditioned Stimulus

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

Behavior Modification

Techniques to change behavior patterns.

Cognitive Learning

Learning through thought, experience, and senses.

Classical Conditioning

Learning through association between stimuli.

Pavlov

Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning.

Unconditioned Response

Automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus

Neutral stimulus that triggers conditioned response.

Neutral Stimulus

Stimulus that initially elicits no response.

Extinction

Diminishing of conditioned response over time.

Salivary Reflex

Automatic salivation response to food.

Unconditioned Stimulus

Stimulus that naturally triggers an unconditioned response.

Conditioned Response

Learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Psychic Secretion

Early term for classical conditioning phenomenon.

Nobel Prize 1904

Awarded to Pavlov for physiology and medicine.

Igor

Pavlov's assistant, associated with feeding dogs.

Stimuli Variation

Systematic changes in stimuli to observe responses.

Metronomes

Used as stimuli in Pavlov's experiments.

Conditioning Process

Neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus.

Learning Prediction

Recognizing one event predicts another event.

Behavioral Psychology

Study of observable behavior and learning processes.

Footsteps

Sound that became a conditioned stimulus for dogs.

Salivation Before Food

Dogs salivated at sight of food, not just contact.

Automatic Response

Response that occurs without conscious thought.

Learning Mechanism

Process through which associations are formed.

Footsteps of Pavlov

Sound that triggered salivation in conditioned dogs.

Food Dish

Visual cue that became a conditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Learning

Learning that occurs through conditioned stimuli.

Behavioral Changes

Observable changes in behavior due to conditioning.

Dogs' Salivary Responses

Measured reactions during Pavlov's digestive studies.

Signaling Stimulus

Stimulus indicating that food is forthcoming.

Learning to Fear

Associating stimuli with negative experiences.

Psychological Phenomenon

Classical conditioning as a fundamental learning type.

Conditioned Stimulus

Initially neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response.

Unconditioned Stimulus

Stimulus that naturally triggers an unlearned response.

Unconditioned Response

Natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, like salivation.

Neutral Stimulus

Stimulus that does not elicit any response initially.

Conditioned Response

Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus after pairing.

Acquisition Process

Initial learning phase where associations are formed.

Extinction

Gradual weakening of a conditioned response over time.

Pavlov's Apparatus

Device used to measure salivation in conditioning experiments.

Salivation

Involuntary response to food or conditioned stimuli.

Learning

Process of acquiring new behaviors or responses.

Pairing

Repeatedly presenting stimuli together to form associations.

Emotional Responses

Reactions like fear influenced by conditioned stimuli.

Tuning Fork

Original neutral stimulus used in Pavlov's experiments.

Meat Powder

Unconditioned stimulus that naturally causes salivation in dogs.

Conditioning

Process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.

Behavioral Responses

Involuntary actions triggered by stimuli, like salivation.

Involuntary Responses

Automatic reactions not under conscious control.

Voluntary Behavior

Actions performed with conscious control, discussed later.

Stimulus Generalization

Tendency to respond similarly to similar stimuli.

Stimulus Discrimination

Ability to differentiate between similar stimuli.

Emotional Conditioning

Conditioning that involves emotional responses like fear.

Response Fluctuation

Variability in reactions based on different stimuli.

Conditioned Reflex

Automatic response learned through conditioning.

Behaviorism

Psychological approach focusing on observable behaviors.

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist known for classical conditioning research.

Conditioning Trials

Sessions where stimuli are paired to establish learning.

Reinforcement

Strengthening of a behavior through rewards or consequences.

Pavlov

Russian physiologist known for classical conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

Learning process through association of stimuli.

Replication Crisis

Difficulty in replicating early psychological studies.

Controlled Experimentation

Research method ensuring variables are managed.

Stimuli

Environmental factors that elicit responses.

Unconditioned Stimulus

Naturally triggers a response without conditioning.

Conditioned Stimulus

Initially neutral stimulus that gains significance.

Forward Conditioning

Conditioned stimulus precedes unconditioned stimulus presentation.

Random Assignment

Participants randomly placed in different groups.

Random Selection

Participants randomly chosen from a population.

Diversity in Testing

Variety in participant backgrounds for generalizability.

Temporal Component

Timing of stimulus presentation affects conditioning.

Detail Orientation

Careful attention to experimental methods and controls.

Generalization

Applying findings from one context to others.

Robust Finding

Strong evidence supporting a consistent outcome.