Language Science Exam 3

linguistic categories

the classification of linguistic elements, such as sounds, words, or gammatical structures, into distinct groups based on shared features or functions

linguistic change as a result of epenthesis

“mathematics” pronounced as “mathamatics”

lexicalization

the process by which a concept or meaning becomes encoded and represented as a distinct word or lexical unit within a language

linguistic social categories

the classification and grouping of individuals within a society based on language related factors, such as dialect, accent, register, or language variety which can reflect social identities, or cultural affiliations, or social hierarchies

linguisitic change as a result of sound loss

“butter” pronounced as “budder”

non-countable linguistic cognitive classifier

the word “endurance”

linguistic relativity

the structure and use of language can influence the way individuals perceive and think about the world around them

linguistic change as a result of metathesis

“comfortable” pronouced as “comfterable”

cultural transmission

the process through which knowledge, beliefs, cusoms, behaviors, and other cultural traits are passed from one generation to another within a society or across different societies, often involving social learning, imitation, education, and communication

linguistic determinism

language not only influences but also determines a person’s thoughts and perception of reality, shaping their cognitie processed and limiting their conceptualization within the boundaries of their language

isogloss

prominent characteristic in a dialect atlas

determination of regional dialects

surveys from non-mobile, older, rural, male speakers

pidgen

communication system used by people who do not share a common language

pidgin to creole

development of a new language

non-standard english

“I ain’t seen him today. He done went to the store this morning.”

creole

regularity and complexity added to the adult input by children

accent difference

“sorry” pronounced as /’sori’/ versus /’sari/

dialect differences

“shopping carts” versus “trolleys”

countries can have two or more standard languages

true

accents or dialects are often viewed negatively

true

social linguistic marker

saying “goin” instead of “going”

jargon

specialized vocabulary, terms, or expressions used within a particular profession, hobby, or specialized field of knowledge, often understood only by those who are part of that specific group or community

style shifting

the conscious or unconscious adjustment of one’s speech style or linguistic features based on social context, situational factors, or the desired impression, allowing individuals to adapt their language use to fit different settings or interact with various social groups

socio-economic status (SES)

income, education, job status

idiolect

the unique language variety or speech patterns used by an individual, shaped by their personal experiences, background, and linguistic choices

overt prestige

the social value or status associated with a particular language variety or speech style, often recognized and admired by society, typically linked to high-valued institutions, formal settings, or dominant social groups

speech style

the distinct and characteristic manner in which an individual or group uses language, including variations in vocabulary, grammar, pronuniation, and other linguistic features, influenced by factors such as formality, social context, and intended audience

slang

the informnal, non-standard language or vocabulary that is often associated with specific social groups, subcultures, or younger generations, and is characterized by its temporary and ever-evolving nature

register

a variety of language chracterized by specific vocabulary, grammar, and stylistic features that are associated with a particular social context, professional setting, or specific communicative purpose

individuals tend to shift their speech down when speaking in unfamiliar groups

false