Psych1003 Ch.9 UWO

cognition

Language has been referred to as the “jewel of _________”

phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, sentences, discourse

The hierarchy of language, in order

grammar

a set of rules dictating how symbols can be combined to create meaningful rules of communication

syntax

governs the order words are placed in

displacement of language

language allows us to discuss events and objects not physically present

surface structure

the symbols used to produce language and the order they are placed in

deep structure

underlaying meanings of combined symbols in language

phoneme

smallest unit of speech that still produces a meaning

44

How many phonems does English use? (roughly)

morpheme

smallest units of language with their own meaning

morphemes

Suffixes and prefixes such as “pre-” and “-ed” are which part of language?

bottom-up processing

when stimuli are analyzed and combined to create meaning

both

does language use top-down or bottom-up processing?

speech segmentation

perceiving where each word in a spoken sentence ends

pragmatics

social context of language

female

which sex holds more language processing in the right hemisphere of the brain?

aphasia

impairment in speech perception or creation

Wernike’s area

Area of the brain specifically involved in speech comprehension

5000-6000

how many words do children typically have by grade 2?

1-3 months

when do children begin ti distinguish speech from non-speech sounds (and prefer speech)?

4-6 months

when can you expect children to begin babbling in response to vocalizations from others?

7-11 months

when do children narrow their perception of phonemes to only those used in the environment around them?

7-11 months

when do children begin to move their tongues with their vocalizations?

12 months

when can you expect a child to speak their first recognizable single words?

50-100

By 18-24 months, how many words would you expect a child to have in their vocabulary?

2-4 years

When do children start speaking in longer sentences with basic syntax, albeit incorrect grammar?

propositional thought

thought that expresses a statement, usually in the form of a sentence (e.g. “I am hungry.”)

imaginal thought

thought consisting of images we see, hear, or feel within the mind

moteric thought

mental representations of motor movements

concepts

basic units of memory, mental categories, nouns, adjectives, etc.

propositions

statements that express Ideas (e.g. “college students are smart.”)

deductive reasoning

top down reasoning, using general principals to form a conclusion

inductive reasoning

bottom up reasoning, using specific facts to put together a general principal.

stage 1 of problem solving

interpret and understand the problem

stage 2 of problem solving

generate hypothesis and possible solutions

stage 3 of problem solving

test hypotheses to confirm or disconfirm

stage 4 of problem solving

evaluate results, repeat previous steps if needed

algorithms

formulas or procedures that always produce a correct solution if used correctly