Myers AP Psychology Unit 6: Learning: Multiple Choice Questions

which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?
a. acquisition
b. stimulus
c. learning
d. habituation
e. response

c. learning

lynn is teaching learning. every time she claps her hands, charlie turns off the light. when randy claps in approval of lynns presentation, charlie does not turn the light off. what concept has charlie demonstrated?
a. habituation
b. discrimination
c. spontaneous recovery
d. extinction
e. habituation

b. discrimination

classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a person links two or more stimuli and
a. forgets about them
b. lays them out in sequence
c. shuts down
d. anticipates events
e. receives a reward

d. anticipates events

in classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus
a. naturally triggers a response
b. is a naturally occurring response
c. is initially irrelevant, and then comes to trigger a response
d. objectively studies psychology
e. is pavlovian

a. naturally triggers a response

students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. the principal decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. what principle does this illustrate?
a. acquisition
b. habituation
c. generalization
d. functional fixedness
e. stimulus

c. generalization

the work of ivan pavlov and john watson fits best into which of psychology's perspectives?
a. humanism
b. gestalt psychology
c. trait theory
d. behaviorism
e. neuropsychology

d. behaviorism

what do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer?
a. operant conditioning
b. respondent behavior
c. classical conditioning
d. shaping
e. punishment

a. operant conditioning

which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus?
a. something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer
b. an innately reinforcing stimulus
c. something that when removes increases the likelihood of the behavior
d. an event that decreases the behavior it follows
e. an amplified stimulus feeding back information to responses

a. something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer

thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known as what?
a. law of effect
b. operant conditioning
c. shaping
d. respondent behavior
e. discrimination

a. law of effect

all of the following are example of primary reinforcers except a
a. rat's food reward in a skinner box
b. cold drink on a hot day
c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently
d. hug from a loved one
e. large meal following an extended time without food

c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently

what do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone?
a. generalization
b. discrimination
c. spontaneous recovery
d. extinction
e. acquisition

d. extinction

what do we call the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response?
a. acquisition
b. spontaneous recovery
c. discrimination
d. operant conditioning
e. classical conditioning

b. spontaneous recovery

what do we call behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus?
a. respondent behavior
b. operant behavior
c. extinguished behavior
d. biofeedback conditioning
e. skinnerian conditioning

a. respondent behavior

superstitious behavior can be produced by
a. careful manipulation of a classical conditioning experiment
b. the accidental timing of rewards
c. possession of a large number of traditionally lucky items
d. cognitive awareness of superstitious behavior in others
e. the change in a reinforcement schedule from ratio to interval

b. the accidental timing of rewards

what do we call the desire to perform a behavior in order to receive promises rewards or to avoid threatened punishment?
a. latent learning
b. extrinsic motivation
c. intrinsic motivation
d. insight learning
e. emotion-focused coping

b. extrinsic motivation

which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success?
a. self-control
b. locus of control
c. problem-focused coping
d. learned helplessness
e. emotion-focused coping

a. self-control

elephants appear to have the capacity to remember large-scale spaces over long periods. which of the following best identifies this capacity?
a. latent learning
b. insight
c. cognitive maps
d. intrinsic motivation
e. extrinsic motivation

c. cognitive maps

the perception that we control our own fate is also called what?
a. self-control
b. learned helplessness
c. internal locus of control
d. external locus of control
e. emotion-focused coping

c. internal locus of control

a woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. her experience can best be described as what?
a. cognitive learning
b. insight
c. operant conditioning
d. classical conditioning
e. unconscious associative learning

b. insight

bandura's famous bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following?
a. latent learning
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. cognitive maps
e. observational learning

e. observational learning

which of the following processes is the best term for explaining how we learn languages?
a. biofeedback
b. discrimination
c. modeling
d. insight
e. creativity

c. modeling

which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we observe?
a. actual physical injury
b. the risk of misremembering our own actions
c. interference with associative learning
d. the elimination if classically conditioned responses to stimuli
e. a confusion between reinforcers and rewards in an operant conditioning setting

b. the risk of misremembering our own actions

when is prosocial learning most effective?
a. when the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson
b. when the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses
c. when the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct
d. when the observer has a close relationship with the model
e. when the model is well-known

a. when the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson

which of the following is the best synonym for social learning?
a. observational learning
b. modeling
c. mirror neuron imitation
d. prosocial model
e. imitation

a. observational learning

Punishment
a. is a good way to increase a behavior as long as it is not used too frequently
b. may create problems in the short term but rarely produces long-term negative side effects
c. is effective because it is a quick, direct way of informing the learner of what is expected
d. may happen frequently because if the punished person stops misbehaving for a while this reinforces the punisher
e. should never be used in the opinion of most psychologists

d. may happen frequently because if the punished person stops misbehaving for a while this reinforces the punisher

Which of the following is an example of shaping?
a. a mother playing catch with her daughter gradually back up to increase the distance between the two of them
b. a pigeon peck a disk 25 times for an opportunity to receive a food reinforcement
c. a rat presses a bar when a green light is on but not when a red light is on
d. a rat gradually stops pressing a bar when it no longer receive food reinforcement
e. a gambler continues to play a slot machine even though he has won nothing the last 20 plays

a. a mother playing catch with her daughter gradually back up to increase the distance between the two of them

Mirror neurons may
a. allow an organism to replace an unconditioned response with a conditioned response
b. help produce intrinsic motivation in some children
c. be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning
d.of both classical and operant conditioning
e. explain why modeling prosocial behavior is more effective that modeling negative behavior

c. be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning

Which of the following illustrates generalization?
a. a rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded
b. a dog salivates to a tone, but not to a buzzer
c. a light is turned on repeatedly until a rat stops flexing its paw when it's turned on
d. a pigeon who disk pecking response has been extinguished is placed in a Skinner Box three hours later and begins pecking the disk again.
e. A child is startled when the door-bell rings

a. a rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrated that
a. Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults
b. The may be a correlation between televised violence and aggressive bahvior, but it is probably not a cause-effect relationship
c. Children are more likely to copy what adults say than what they do
d. Allowing children to watch too much television is detrimental to their development
e. Observational learning can explain the development of fears in children

a. children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults

Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner conducted experiments that established
a. That the acquisition of a CR depends on pairing of the CS and US
b. That different species respond differently to classical conditioning situations
c. The current belief that classical conditioning is really a form of operant conditioning
d. That mirror neurons form the biological basis of classical conditioning
e. The importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning

e. the importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning

Edward Thorndick's law of effect
(A) Establishes the difference between positive and negative reinforcement
(B) Shows that behavior maintained by partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction that behavior maintained by continuous reinforcement
(C) Demonstrates how shaping can be used to establish operant conditioning
(D) States that rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again
(E) Relates to the limited effectiveness of punishment

d. states that rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again

To produce the acquisition of a conditioned response, one should
(A) Repeatedly present an unconditioned response
(B) Administer the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
(C) Make sure that the conditioned stimulus comes at least one minute before the unconditioned stimulus
(D) Pair a neural stimulus with an unconditional stimulus several times
(E) Present the conditioned stimulus until is starts to produce an unconditioned response

(D) pair a neural stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times

To determine just what an organism can learn to distinguish, you would use
(A) Generalization
(B) A variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
(C) A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
(D) Extinction
(E) A discriminative stimulus

(E) a discriminative stimulus

A student studies long and hard to avoid the bad feelings associated with a low grade on a test. In this case, the studying behavior is being strengthened because of
(A) Positive reinforcement
(B) Negative reinforcement
(C) Delayed reinforcement
(D) Primary reinforcement
(E) Conditioned reinforcement

(B) negative reinforcement

Taste aversion research has demonstrated that
(A) Taste is the most fundamental of the senses
(B) There are biological dispositions involved in learning
(C) Animals must evaluate situation cognitively before taste aversion develops
(D) Taste aversion is a universal survival mechanism
(E) A US must occur within seconds of a CS for conditioning to occur

(B) there are biological dispositions involved in learning

Mary checks her phone a couples times an hour for incoming text messages. Her behavior is being maintained on a ______________ reinforcement schedule
(A) Fixed interval
(B) Variable interval
(C) Variable ratio
(D) Fixed ratio
(E) Continuous

(B) variable-interval

A dog is trained to salivate when it hears a tone. The then tone is sounded repeatedly without the US until the dog stops salivating. Later when the tone sounds again, the dog salivates again. This is a description of
(A) Spontaneous recovery
(B) Extinction
(C) Generalization
(D) Discrimination
(E) Acquisition

(A) spontaneous recovery

Latent Learning demonstrates that
(A) Punishment is an ineffective means of controlling behavior
(B) Negative reinforcement should be avoided when possible
(C) Cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning
(D) Conditioned reinforcers are more effective than primary reinforcers
(E) Shaping is usually not necessary for operant conditioning

(C) cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning

Classical and operant conditioning were both initially based on the principles of
(A) Cognitive psychology
(B) Biological psychology
(C) Behaviorism
(D) Evolution
(E) Animal thought processes

(C) Behaviorism

After having been struck by a car, a dog now exhibits fear response every time a car approaches. The dog also exhibits a fear response to the approach of a bus, a truck, a bicycle, and even a child's wagon. The dog has undergone a process of
(A) stimulus discrimination
(B) stimulus generalization
(C) spontaneous recovery
(D) backward conditioning
(E) differential reinforcement

(B) stimulus generalization

Which of the following would be an example of second-order conditioning?
(A) a cat tastes a sour plant that makes it feel nauseated and will not approach that plant again
(B) a horse that is fed sugar cubes by a particular person salivates every time that person walks by
(C) a pigeon that has received food every time a red light is presented exhibits food-seeking behavior when a yellow light is presented
(D) a rabbit that has repeatedly seen a picture of a feared predator paired with a musical tone as well as to a flashed light alone that had been repeatedly paired with the tone
(E) wild rats instinctively avoid canine predators, but domesticated rats show little fear of the domesticated dogs they encounter, and may even join them in exploration or play

(D) a rabbit that has repeatedly seen a picture of a feared predator paired with a musical tone as well as to a flashed light alone that had been repeatedly paired with the tone

The reinforcement schedule that generally provides the most resistance to response extinction is
(A) fixed ratio
(B) fixed interval
(C) variable ratio
(D) variable interval
(E) continuous

(C) variable ratio

The importance of enrichment and stimulation of the brain during critical periods in development can be seen in all of the following EXCEPT
(A) an increase in the number of neurons
(B) an increase in the number of connections between neurons
(C) strengthening of already existing connections between neurons
(D) an increase in the size of neurons
(E) higher levels of neurotransmitters

(A) an increase in the number of neurons

According to Albert Bandura, observational learning can occur even in the absence of
(A) observed consequences of behavior
(B) direct attention to the behavior
(C) retention of the observed behavior over time
(D) ability to reproduce the behavior
(E) motivation to reproduce the behavior at a later time

(A) observed consequences of behavior

Every time a tone sounds, a participant has a puff of air blown into her eye. This causes the person to twitch. After a while, the participant twitches as soon as the tone sounds. The twitching that is caused by the air puff is called
(A) the conditioned stimulus
(B) the unconditioned response
(C) the unconditioned stimulus
(D) the conditioned response
(E) habituation

(B) the unconditioned response

Every time Reynaldo does well on his report card, his parents take him out for ice cream. This is an example of
(A) negative reinforcement
(B) negative punishment
(C) positive punishment
(D) habituation
(E) positive reinforcement

(E) positive reinforcement

Tammy is interested in helping her daughter learn manners. Each time her daughter says something that is close to appropriate, she rewards her. Eventually, her daughter should learn good manners. This is an example of
(A) habituation
(B) positive reinforcement
(C) priming
(D) generalization
(E) shaping

(E) shaping

If a rat is provided with reinforcement after every 10 bars presses, the schedule is called a
(A) fixed-ordinal
(B) fixed- interval
(C) variable-interval
(D) fixed-ratio
(E) shaping

(D) fixed ratio

An example of a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is
(A) a dog getting a treat every time it sits on command
(B) winning money at a slot machine
(C) getting paid each widget you sell
(D) being paid by the week
(E) getting a reward for good behavior once in a while

(D) being paid by the week

Lilly is eating a hot dog. Shortly after eating the hot dog, she comes down with the flu. After this, Lilly hates eating hot dogs. Even the thought makes her sick. In this example, the flu is
(A) generalized
(B) the unconditioned response
(C) the unconditional stimulus
(D) the conditioned stimulus
(E) the consequence

(C) the unconditioned stimulus

According to Skinner, punishment is effective only under very specific conditions. Which of the following is one of these conditions?
(A) the punishment is mild
(B) the punishment is delayed
(C) the punishment is threatened but not given
(D) the punishment immediately follows the behavior
(E) the punishment occurs on a variable schedule

(D) the punishment immediately follows the behavior

An example of positive punishment
(A) time out
(B) spanking
(C) taking away privileges
(D) removing chores
(E) giving candy

(B) spanking

An example of negative reinforcement is
(A) receiving candy
(B) spanking
(C) taking away privileges
(D) removing chores
(E) time out

(D) removing chores

One of the biggest difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is that
(A) only punishment involves the use of aversive stimuli
(B) only negative reinforcement involves the use of aversive stimuli
(C) negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a desired behavior
(D) negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a desired behavior

(C) negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a desired bahvior

According to Skinner, the most important environmental aspect that controls human behavior is the
(A) antecedents of the behavior
(B) consequences of the behavior
(C) strength of the behavior
(D) amount of punishment
(E) amount of reinforcement

(B) consequences of the behavior

Witnessing the reinforcement of someone else's behavior has been found to increase the likelihood of that behavior in the witness. This is referred to as
(A) differential reinforcement
(B) shaping
(C) vicarious reinforcement
(D) habituation
(E) instinctual drift

(C) vicarious reinforcement

The person responsible for developing the framework of classical conditioning was
(A) Pavlov
(B) Watson
(C) Skinner
(D) Bandura
(E) Erickson

(A) Pavlov

Kohler's studies involving problem solving in chimpanzees are associated with
(A) negative reinforcement
(B) positive reinforcement
(C) insight learning
(D) vicarious reinforcement
(E) cognitive mapping

(C) insight learning

the psychologist who was responsible for developing the framework of operant condition was
(A) Pavlov
(B) Skinner
(C) Watson
(D) Bandura
(E) Freud

(B) Skinner

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ in that
(A) Classical conditioning deals with voluntary behavior.
(B) Operant conditioning deals with reflexive behavior.
(C) Classical conditioning deals with shaping.
(D) Classical conditioning deals with reflexive behavior.
(E) Operant conditioning does not work in most situations.

(D) classical conditioning deals with reflexive behavior

Getting paid a piecework at (x dollars per item made) is an example of
(A) Habituation
(B) Fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
(C) Variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
(D) Fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.
(E) Variable-interval schedule of punishment.

(B) Fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Once Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n)
(A) Unconditioned stimulus
(B) Neutral stimulus
(C) Conditioned stimulus
(D) Unconditioned response
(E) Conditioned response

(C) Conditioned stimulus

Shaping is
(A) A pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is completed.
(B) Rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior.
(C) Completing a set of behaviors in succession before a reward is given.
(D) Giving you chocolate pudding to increase the likelihood you will eat more carrots.
(E) Inhibition of new learning by previous learning

(B) rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired behavior goal

John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a tug. On what reinforcement schedule is rewarded?
(A) Continuous reinforcement
(B) Fixed ratio
(C) Fixed interval
(D) Variable ratio
(E) Variable interval

(E) variable interval

Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as
(A) Primary reinforcers
(B) Classical conditioning
(C) Secondary reinforcers
(D) Negative reinforcers
(E) Unconditioned reinforcers

(C) secondary reinforcers

Which of the following best reflects negative reinforcement?
(A) Teresa is scolded when she runs through the house yelling.
(B) Lina is not allowed to watch television until after she has finished her homework.
(C) Greg changes his math class so he doesn't have to see his old girlfriend.
(D) Aditya is praised for having the best essay in the class.
(E) Alex takes the wrong medicine and gets violently ill afterwards.

(C) Greg changes his math class so that he does't have to see his old girlfriend

Watson and Rayner's classical conditioning of "Little Albert" was helpful in explaining that
(A) Some conditioned stimuli do not generalize
(B) Human emotions such as fear are subject to classical conditioning
(C) Drug dependency is subject to classical as well as operant conditioning
(D) Small children are not easily as conditioned as older children
(E) Fear of rats and rabbits are innate responses previously undiscovered

(B) Human emotions such as fear are subject to classical conditioning

Jamel got very sick after eating some mushrooms on a pizza at his friend's house. He didn't know that he had a stomach virus at the time, blamed his illness on the mushrooms, and refused to eat them again. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus for his taste aversion to mushrooms?
(A) Pizza
(B) Stomach virus
(C) Mushrooms
(D) Headache
(E) Aversion to mushrooms

(B) stomach virus

While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive that the answer to the chemistry problem you'd been working on several hours before. This is an example of
(A) Insight
(B) Backward conditioning
(C) Latent learning
(D) Discrimination
(E) The Premack principle

(A) insight

If the trainer conditions the pigeon to peek at a red circle and then only gives him a reward if he pecks at the green circle when both a red and green circle appear, the pigeon is demonstrating
(A) Matching-to-sample generalization
(B) Abstract learning
(C) Intrinsic motivation
(D) Insight
(E) Modeling

(B) abstract learning

Latent learning is best described by which of the following?
(A) Innate responses of an organism preventing new learning and associations
(B) Unconscious meaning that is attributed to new response patterns
(C) Response patterns that become extinguished gradually over time
(D) Delayed responses that occur when new stimuli are paired with familiar ones
(E) Learning that occurs in the absence of rewards

(E) learning that occurs in the absence of rewards

Rats were more likely to learn an aversion to bright lights and noise with water if they were associated with electric shocks rather than with flavors or poisoned food. This illustrates
(A) Insight
(B) Preparedness
(C) Extinction
(D) Observational learning
(E) Generalization

(B) preparedness

Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning?
(A) A rat learning to press a bar to get food
(B) Dogs jumping over a hurdle to avoid electric shock
(C) Fish swimming to the top of the tank when a light goes on
(D) Pigeons learning to turn in circles for a reward
(E) Studying hard for good grades on tests

(C) Fish swimming to the top of the tank when a light goes on

Spontaneous recovery refers to the
(A) Reacquisition of a previously learned behavior
(B) Reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period
(C) Return of a behavior after punishment has ended
(D) Tendency of a newly acquired responses to be intermittent at first
(E) Organism's tendency to forget previously learned responses, but to relearn them more quickly during a second training period.

(B) Reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period

In operant conditioning, removal of an aversive stimulus causes the behavior to
(A) Decrease
(B) Increase
(C) Stay the same
(D) Increase, then decrease
(E) Decrease, then increase

(B) Increase

In the Little Albert experiment conducted by John B. Watson, the white rat, prior to conditioning, served as what?
(A) Neural stimulus (NS)
(B) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
(C) Unconditioned response (UCR)
(D) Conditioned stimulus (CS)
(E) Conditioned response (CR)

(A) neural stimulus

Jake is training his dog to sit on command. Jake gives his dog a treat every time the dog sits. Which type of reinforcement schedule is Jake displaying?
(A) Partial reinforcement
(B) Continuous reinforcement
(C) Fixed-interval reinforcement
(D) Variable-interval reinforcement
(E) Variable-ratio reinforcement

(B) continuous reinforcement

Julie works at a shoe factory and is paid based on the number of shoes she produces in a day. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?
(A) Fixed-interval
(B) Fixed-ratio
(C) Variable-interval
(D) Variable-ratio
(E) Sequential reinforcement

(B) fixed ratio

Jillian was out past curfew on Saturday. As a result, her parents took away her driving privileges. Jillian no longer stays out past curfew. According to Skinner, which type of punishment did Jillian experience?
(A) Negative punishment (omission)
(B) Positive punishment
(C) Negative reinforcement
(D) Positive reinforcement
(E) Continuous reinforcement

(A) negative punishment

Which of the following is considered a primary reinforcer?
(A) Receiving a $20 for every A on a report card
(B) Receiving praise for a job well done
(C) Inventing a new product
(D) Drinking a glass of water
(E) Discovering a buried treasure

(D) drinking a glass of water


think biological

Every time Rachel's parents leave her with Lisa, the babysitter, Rachel cries. Lisa came to Rachel's third birthday party, which causes Rachel to cry. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus?
(A) Rachel's parents' leaving
(B) Rachel crying
(C) Rachel seeing Lisa at her house
(D) Lisa leaving Rachel's house
(E) People singing at Rachel's birthday party

(C) Rachel seeing Lisa at her house

A rat receives a food pellet after a certain desired behavior is performed after an elapsed time of 45 seconds. Which of the following correctly identifies which schedule of reinforcement the rat has been placed on?
(A) Fixed-interval
(B) Fixed-ratio
(C) Variable-interval
(D) Variable-ratio
(E) Continuous-reinforcement

(A) fixed-interval

If you want to train your dog to roll over, it is best to treat her on which schedule of reinforcement?
(A) Continuous reinforcement
(B) Contiguous reinforcement
(C) Partial reinforcement
(D) Fixed-interval reinforcement
(E) Variable-interval reinforcement

(A) continuous reinforcement

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates
(A) operant conditioning.
(B) the law of effect.
(C) observational learning.
(D) classical conditioning.
(E) generalization.

(D) classical conditioning

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by
(A) John B. Watson.
(B) B. F. Skinner.
(C) Albert Bandura.
(D) Ivan Pavlov.
(E) Edward Deci.

(D) Ivan Pavlov

Who introduced the term behaviorism?
a. John Garcia
b. B. F. Skinner
c. John B. Watson
d. Albert Bandura
e. Ivan Pavlov

c. John B. Watson

John B. Watson emphasized that
a. learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated.
b. unlike lower animals, humans learn through a process of cognition.
c. both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US.
d. learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.
e. cognition plays a role in conditioning through the power of prediction.

d. learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
a. playing jump rope
b. running through a maze to get a food reward
c. sweating in hot weather
d. clapping after a thrilling concert performance
e. getting money as a reward

c. sweating in hot weather

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)
a. unconditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus.
d. conditioned response.
e. preconditioned stimulus.

a. unconditioned stimulus

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a
a. US.
b. CS.
c. UR.
d. CR.
e. SA.

b. CS

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
a. salivating at the sight of a lemon
b. raising your hand to ask a question
c. jerking your hand off a very hot stove
d. walking into a restaurant to eat

c. jerking your hand off a very hot stove

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented
a. shortly after the CR.
b. shortly after the US.
c. shortly before the US.
d. at the same time as the US.
e. shortly before the CR.

c. shortly before the US

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will
a. soon give up asking for a treat entirely.
b. come to ask for a treat only occasionally.
c. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.
d. ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store.
e. begin to ask for treats every time she sees her mother.

c. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store