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Genotype
The totality of an individual’s genes.
Phenotype
The actual characteristics of an individual.
Dominant gene
A gene that influences phenotype.
Recessive gene
A gene that does not influence phenotype unless two copies are present.
Incomplete dominance
When a phenotype is influenced primarily but not exclusively by a dominant gene.
Polygenic inheritance
Inheritance trait determined by the interaction of multiple genes.
Sex chromosomes
The 23rd pair of chromosomes that determine male (XY) or female (XX).
Epigenetics
The continuous bidirectional interactions between genes and environment.
Reaction range
The range of potential expression of a gene determined by environmental conditions.
Teratogens
Environmental and bodily conditions harmful to prenatal development.
Chromosomal disorders
Disorders caused by issues during meiosis, resulting in an abnormal number of chromosomes.
Down Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair, leading to cognitive deficits and physical characteristics.
Infertility
The inability to attain pregnancy after at least a year of regular sexual intercourse without contraception.
Traditional cultures prenatal care
Reliance on collected wisdom with less access to scientific prenatal care and resources.
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
Medical procedures aimed at resolving infertility, such as IVF and IUI.
