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Self-governing assemblies
Legislative bodies in North America that allowed for local governance, such as the Virginia House of Burgesses established in 1619.
Centralised rule
A form of governance where control is concentrated at a central authority, as seen in India under the East India Company and later the British Crown from 1858.
Degree of political autonomy
The level of self-governance and independence from central authority, which was significantly higher in North America compared to India.
Indirect governance
A governance strategy prioritised by British colonial administration in North America, allowing local assemblies to manage affairs.
Bureaucratic control
A method of governance involving strict administrative oversight, which was enforced in India to maximise economic extraction.
Hierarchical administrative structure
An organisational system in India that limited native participation and ensured British officials dominated decision-making.
Indian Civil Service (ICS)
A body of British officials in India responsible for governance and policy-making, ensuring imperial control.
Indian Penal Code (1860)
A legal framework established by the British in India that reinforced British legal authority over the Indian populace.
Representation in British Parliament
The lack of local representation for North American colonies in the British legislative body, despite having independent legislative assemblies.
Political trajectory
The path of political development and governance, which diverged between North America moving towards self-rule and India remaining under British control.
Grievances over taxation
Complaints from North American colonies regarding British taxes, such as the 1765 Stamp Act, which contributed to their revolution.
Armed revolution
The conflict initiated by North American colonies that led to their independence and the establishment of a federal democracy by 1783.
Government of India Act (1935)
Legislative changes made by Britain in India aimed at retaining control without outright conflict.
Prolonged political control
Extended governance by Britain in India that resulted in significant structural damage and violent consequences upon independence in 1947.
Partition of India
The division of British India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, which led to mass violence and displacement of approximately 1-2 million people.
Economic significance
The value attributed to each region by Britain, with North America seen as important for trade and settlement, while India was viewed as an administrative and financial stronghold.
Economic exploitation
The motivation behind British activities in both India and North America, focusing on extracting resources and wealth.
EIC
The East India Company, which sought control over India's lucrative goods.
Global textile trade pre-1950
India was responsible for 25% of global textile trade.
EIC's total exports by 1850
Textiles made up around 70% of the EIC's total exports.
Trading posts in India
The EIC set up trading posts in Surat (1612), Madras (1638), and Bombay (1668).
Tea trade worth
The tea trade was worth £30 million a year.
India's contribution to world GDP in 1700
India contributed to roughly ~23% of world GDP.
Britain's extraction from India
Britain extracted ~£45 trillion (adjusted for inflation) through taxation, tariffs, and exploitative policies.
Colonial tax revenue contribution
The colonies contributed ~5% of Britain's total tax revenue.
Plantations in North America
Plantations growing crops such as tobacco, corn, sugar, and cotton were prioritised.
Bengal Famine in 1943
The famine killed around 3 million due to British policies.
First self-governing assembly in North America
The Virginia House of Burgesses, established in 1619.
India under direct Crown control
India came under direct Crown control in 1858.
Administrative body in India
The Indian Civil Service (ICS), which was controlled by British officials.
Legal policy in India
The Indian Penal Code (1860) reinforced British legal authority.
Act fueling American grievances
The 1765 Stamp Act.
North America's full sovereignty
North America achieved full sovereignty in 1783.
Governance shift in India
The Government of India Act, 1935 was introduced to gradually shift governance.
India's independence
India gained independence in 1947, leading to mass violence, the partition of India, and the displacement of ~1-2 million people.
