Med Terms - Chapter 7 - Male Reproductive System

testes

primary male sex organ, oval-shaped and enclosed in the scrotum; produce sperm and testosterone

seminiferous tubule

approx 900 coiled tubes within the testes in which spermatogenesis occurs

epididymis

coiled tube attached to each testis that provides storage, transit, and maturation of sperm, continuous with each vas deferans

vas deferens

duct carrying sperm from epididymis to urethra; spermatic cord encloses each vas deferens with nerves, lymphatics, arteries, and veins. Urethra also connects with the urinary bladder and carries urine outside the body

seminal vesicles

two glands located posterior to the base of the baldder that open into the vas deferens; secrete a thick fluid that forms part of the semen

prostate gland

walnut-shaped gland that encircles the proximal section of the urethra; secretes a fluid that aids in movement of sperm and ejaculation

scrotum

sac containing the testes and their corresponding epididymides

glans penis

enlarged tip on the end of the penis

prepuce

fold of skin covering the glans penis in uncircumcized males (foreskin)

andr/o

male

balan/o

glans penis

epididym/o

epididymis

orch/o

testis, testicle

orchi/o

testis, testicle

orchid/o

testis, testicle

prostat/o

prostate gland

sperm/o

sperm

spermat/o

sperm

vas/o

vessel, duct, vas deferens

vesicul/o

seminal vesicles

a-

absence of, without

an-

absence of, without

hyper-

above, excessive

-algia

pain

-ectomy

excision, surgical removal

-ia

diseased or abnormal state, condition of

-ic

pertaining to

-ism

state of

-itis

inflammation

-lith

stones, calculus

-tomy

cut into, incision

-pexy

surgical fixation

-pathy

disease

-plasia

condition of formation, development, growth

-plasty

surgical repair

-rrhea

flow, discharge

-stomy

creation of artificial opening

andropathy

disease specific to the male

anorchism

state of absence of testis (unilateral or bilateral)

balanitis

inflamm of the glans penis

balanorrhea

discharge from glans penis

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

excessive development pertaining to the prostate gland (nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland; causes narrowing of the urethra, which interferes with the passage of urine. Symptoms include frequency of urination, nocturia, urinary retention, and incomplete emptying of the bladder.) (also called benign prostatic hypertrophy)

cryptochordism

state of hidden testis (during fetal development, testes are located in the abdominal area near the kidneys. Before birth they move down into the scrotal sac. Failure of one or both of the testes to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum before birth results in cryptorchidism.) (also called undescended testicle and undescended testicles)

epididymitis

inflamm of epididymis

orchiepididymitis

inflamm of testis and epididymis

orchitis

inflamm of testis (aka orchiditis)

prostatitis

inflamm of prostate gland

prostatocystitis

inflamm of prostate gland and urinary bladder

prostatolith

stones in the prostate gland

prostatorrhea

discharge from prostate gland

prostatovesiculitis

inflamm of prostate gland and seminal vesicles

erectile dysfunction (ED)

the inability of the male to attain or maintain an erection sufficient to perform sexual intercourse (formerly called impotence)

hydrocele

fluid-filled sac around the testicle; causes scrotal swelling

infertility

reduced or absent ability to achieve pregnancy; generally defined after one year of frequent, unprotected sexual intercourse; may relate to male or female

phimosis

tightness of the prepuce (foreskin of the penis) that prevents its retraction over the glans penis; it may be congenital or a result of balanitis. Circumcision is the usual treatment

priapism

persistent abnormal erection of the penis accompanied by pain and tenderness

prostate cancer

cancer of the prostate gland, usually occurring in men middle-aged and older

spermatocele

distention of the epididymis containing an abnormal cyst-like collection of fluid and sperm cells; may cause scrotal swelling

testicular cancer

cancer of the testicle, usually occurring in men 15 to 35 years of age

testicular torsion

twisting of the spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to the testis; occurs most often during puberty and often presents with a sudden onset of severe testicular or scrotal pain. Because of lack of blood flow to the testis, it is considered a surgical emergency

variocele

enlarged veins of the spermatic cord; may cause scrotal swelling

balanoplasty

surgical repair of glans penis

epididymectomy

excision of epididymis

orchiectomy/orchidectomy

excision of testis (bilateral orchiectomy is called castration)

orchiopexy/orchidopexy

surgical fixation of testicle (performed to bring undescended testicle[s] into the scrotum

orchioplasty

surgical repair of testis

orchiotomy/orchidotomy

incision into testis

prostatectomy

excision of prostate gland

prostatocystotomy

incision into prostate gland and urinary bladder

prostatolithotomy

incision into prostate gland to remove stones

prostatovesiculectomy

excision of prostate gland and seminal vesicles

vasectomy

partial excision of the vas deferens bilaterally, resulting in male sterilization

vasovasostomy

severed ends of the vas deferens are reconnected in an attempt to restore fertility in men who have had a vasectomy

vesiculectomy

excision of seminal vesicles

ablation

destruction of abnormal or excessive tissue by melting, vaporizing, or eroding

circumcision

surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin); all or part of the foreskin may be removed

enucleation

excision of a whole organ or mass without cutting into it

hydrocelectomy

surgical removal of a fluid-filled sac around the testicle causing scrotal swelling (hydrocele)

laser surgery

use of a focused beam of light to excise or vaporize abnormal tissue and to control bleeding; uses a variety of non-invasive and minimally invasive procedures. Two common types of laser surgery used to treat BPH are holmium laser enucleation of the prostate gland (HoLEP) and photoselective vaporization of the prostate gland (PVP).

morcellation

cutting or grinding solid tissue into smaller pieces for removal

sterilization

surgical procedure that prevents pregnancy, either the ability of the female to conceive or of the male to induce conception

transurethral incision of the prostate gland (TUIP)

surgical procedure that widens the urethra by making a few small incisions in the bladder neck and the prostate gland. No prostate tissue is removed. TUIP may be used instead of TURP when the prostate gland is less enlarged.

transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)

treatment that eliminates excess tissue present in benign prostatic hyperplasia by using heat generated by microwave

transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP)

surgical removal of pieces of the prostate gland tissue by using an instrument inserted through the urethra. The capsule is left intact; usually performed when the enlarged prostate gland interferes with urination

MRI ultrasound fusion biopsy

combination of magnetic resonance imaging with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) to obtain a tissue from a prostate lesion. Software merges an existing MR image with live ultrasound images. The combined, or fused, MRI-TRUS image is used to direct the biopsy needle into the area of the prostate that looks suspicious on MRI. (also called MRI-TRUS fusion, MR-ultrasound fusion, and fusion guided biopsy)

transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)

ultrasound procedure used to diagnose prostate cancer. Sound waves are sent and received by a transducer probe that is placed into the rectum

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

blood test that measures the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood. Elevated test results may indicate the presence of prostate cancer, urinary or prostatic infection, or excess prostate tissue, as found in benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostatitis.

semen analysis

microscopic observation of ejaculated semen, revealing the size, structure, and movement of sperm; used to evaluate male infertility and to determine the effectiveness of a vasectomy (also called sperm count and sperm test)

total testosterone

blood test to measure the level of the hormone responsible for male physical characteristics (testosterone); used to detect multiple conditions in men and women, including infertility

digital rectal exam (DRE)

physical examination in which the healthcare provider inserts a gloved finger into the rectum and palpates the prostate through the rectal wall to determine the size, shape, and consistency of the gland; used to screen for BPH and prostate cancer. BPH usually presents as a uniform, nontender enlargement, whereas cancer usually presents as a stony hard nodule

aspermia

condition of absence of sperm or ejaculation

oligospermia

condition of scanty sperm (may contribute to infertility)

orchialagia/testalgia

pain in the testis

chlamydia

STI caused by C. trachomatis; sometimes referred to as a silent STI because many people are not aware they have the disease. Symptoms that occur when the disease becomes serious are painful urination and discharge from the penis in men and genital itching, vaginal discharge, and bleeding between menstrual periods in women

genital herpes

sexually transmitted infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 2

gonorrhea

sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterial organism that inflames the mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract

HIV

sexually transmitted infection caused by a retrovirus that infects T-helper cells of the immune system; may also be acquired in utero or transmitted through infected blood via needle sharing. Advanced HIV infection progresses to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

sexually transmitted infection caused by viral infection; there are more than 40 types of HPV that cause benign or cancerous growths in male and female genitals (also called genital warts)

syphilis

infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Rapidly spreads throughout the body, and if untreated becomes systemic and can progress through three stages separated by latent periods. Usually sexually transmitted, but may be acquired in utero and by direct contact with infected skin.

trichomoniasis

sexually transmitted infection caused by a one-cell organism Trichomonas. It infects the genitourinary tract. Men may be asymptomatic or may develop urethritis, an enlarged prostate gland, or epididymitis. Women may have vaginal itching, dysuria, and vaginal or urethral discharge