[02.10] Health Policy (Development, Monitoring, and Evaluation) V2.3.pdf

Government Policy, Public Policy, Health Policy, Public Health Policy

The terms used interchangeably in this lecture are , , , and .

Policy

According to Cambridge dictionary, it is a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed to officially by a group of people, business organization, a government, or a political party, representing an intention.

Intentions

Policies are a platform in which a government, a business, or a political party makes its _ public.

Political administration

Governments have many policies that can change with the _.

Winston Churchill

Which leader stated, "our policy is to wage war on land, sea, and air against Germany" during WWII?

John F. Kennedy

Which leader declared, "Our goal is to go to the moon"?

Slogan

A statement consisting of words that give you a general direction of where you want to go, often described as a 'feel good' statement, is known as a _.

Policy

A platform that is backed up by organized plans, resources, expertise, and an organization, representing something a government intends to do, is a _.

Ambisyon Natin 2040

The national vision prepared by the National Economic Development Authority, which includes Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2030, Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022, and National Objectives for Health (NOH) 2017-2022, is called _.

Policy Cycle

The political process through which most public policies pass over the course of their lifetime is known as the _.

Agenda Setting

The first stage of the policy cycle, which involves identifying problems around which an agenda can be built, is called _.

Policy Formulation

The stage in the policy cycle where coherent policies are developed, often involving stakeholder analysis, is called _.

Stakeholder's analysis

Policy formulation often involves a _ to consider various interests.

Policy Implementation

The stage of the policy cycle that involves both government and private sectors, and requires consideration of the training, skills, and authority of those who implement it, is called _.

Policy Evaluation

The stage in the policy cycle where methods are used to determine if a policy is working is called _.

Policy Change / Termination

After evaluating a policy, the two possible actions that can be taken are or .

Clinicians

Understanding the policy cycle is important for those in the public arena and for _, as they implement and evaluate hospital policies for patients.

Republic Act

Laws that are effective nationally, mandate, penalize, and appropriate funds, and are approved by the President after being passed by Congress, are known as _.

President of the Philippines

The approving authority for a Republic Act is the _.

Congress

Republic Acts are passed by _.

Executive Order

Rules or regulations of a general or permanent nature, whose implementation is directly made by the President under his/her statutory authority, are called _.

President of the Philippines

The approving authority for an Executive Order is the _.

EO 51 or the Milk Code

An example of an Executive Order that had the effect of a Republic Act is _.

Martial Law

During this period, Marcos had absolute rule and governed through EOs because there was no legislature.

Administrative Order

Issuances that prescribe policies, rules and regulations, and procedures promulgated by DOH or other government agencies in accordance or pursuant to law, and can define policies in the absence of a law, are called _.

President of the Philippines and Department Secretary

The approving authorities for an Administrative Order are the and .

Other Administrative Issuance

PhilHealth Circulars, FDA Circulars, and NNC Governing Board Resolutions are examples of _.

Department Secretary or his/her representative, Agency Executive Director

The approving authorities for other administrative issuances are the or the .

Local Government Issuance

Rules or regulations that are effective only in the jurisdiction of a local government unit, such as a smoking ban in Davao City, are called _.

Local Chief Executive (Governors and Mayors)

The approving authority for local government issuances like ordinances and resolutions is the _.

Legal basis

Policy issuances serve as the _ which enshrines the intent of an organization, particularly national and local government.

Legislator

The enactment of a law starts when a _ files for a bill or a resolution.

Upper house (Senate of the Philippines)

In the Philippine legislative process, the _ is also known as the Senate of the Philippines.

Lower house (House of Representatives of the Philippines)

In the Philippine legislative process, the _ is also known as the House of Representatives of the Philippines.

First Reading

The stage where committees are created, committee hearings and technical working group (TWG) meetings are conducted, and a committee report is filed, is called the _.

Technical Working Groups (TWGs)

The formation of _ is a way of co-opting technical experts and the private sector, and involves public participation in crafting a bill.

Second Reading

After a bill is discussed in the first reading, the chair of the committee sponsors it, followed by a period of interpellation, amendments, and then approval in the _.

Period of interpellation

During the second reading, the stage where people question or "poke holes" into the bill and its purpose is called the _.

Period of amendments

During the second reading, this stage ensues before the bill's approval.

Third Reading

The stage where a bill is transmitted to the plenary, and the Senate or House votes for its approval or disapproval, is called the _.

Bicameral committee

When two versions of an approved bill exist in the Senate and House, they are reconciled in a _.

Enrolled bill

After reconciliation and approval in a bicameral committee, a bill becomes an _ before being submitted to the President for signing.

President

A bill becomes a law or a Republic Act when the _ signs it.

30 days of inaction by the President

A bill can automatically become a law after _.

Overridden by ⅔ of votes separately from the Senate and the House

A bill can become a law even if the President vetoes it, provided it is _.

3-year session

In the Philippines, the passing of a bill may possibly take a _ corresponding to one congressional term.

Refiled

If a bill does not become a law within a 3-year congressional term, it will be removed from the list and must be _ to restart the process.

Principle of separation of powers

The constitutional demarcation of the three fundamental powers of government (legislative, executive, judicial) is referred to as the _.

Legislative branch (Congress)

The power to make laws belongs to the _.

Executive branch (President)

The power to enforce laws belongs to the _.

Judicial branch (Supreme Court)

The power to interpret laws in case of issues and controversies belongs to the _.

Republican government

The interplay of the balance of power, where there is no dictatorship, exists within a _.

52

From 1954 to 2024, approximately _ health laws were passed in 70 years.

RA No. 1082 (Rural Health Act of 1954)

The milestone law that formalized rural health units as far back as 1954 is _.

RA No. 2382 (Medical Act of 1959)

The act that governs medical schools, structures medical curriculum, and creates medical board exams is _.

RA No. 6111 (Philippine Medicare Act of 1969)

This law is considered the precursor of social health insurance laws and the ancestor of the Universal Healthcare Act.

RA No. 6675 (Generics Act of 1988)

The law that required all labeling, prescribing, and dispensing of medicines to use generic names instead of branded names is _.

Dr. Alfredo Bengzon and Senator Orlando Mercado

The founder of ASMPH, , worked with Senator , the main author, to pass the Generics Act of 1988.

DOH Administrative Order 2010-0036 (Kalusugan Pangkalahatan 2010)

The administrative order that heralded the Universal Health Care Law, signed during the time of former Secretary of Health Enrique Ona, is _.

RA No. 10351 (Sin Tax Law of 2012)

The act that provided funds to implement social health insurance better and empowered PhilHealth is _.

EO No. 138 ("On Mandanas Ruling", 2021)

This Executive Order increased the resources of local governments by entitling them to a share in customs duties and other government income, in addition to internal revenues.

RA No. 7160 (Local Government Code 1991)

The milestone code that promoted local autonomy and led to the decentralization or devolution of certain key functions, including healthcare delivery, from the national government to local government units, is _.

Senator Aquilino Q. Pimentel Jr.

The principal author of the Local Government Code of 1991 is _.

To prevent another occurrence of Martial Law

Politically, the reason for strengthening local autonomy through the Local Government Code was _.

Deteriorate

Following the passage of the Local Government Code, the health system started to _ due to lack of preparation and varied priorities of local chief executives.

RA No. 10606 (National Health Insurance Act 2013)

This law amended Republic Act No. 7875 and declared the state's policy to provide comprehensive health care services to all Filipinos through a socialized health insurance program, prioritizing the underprivileged.

RA No. 7875

This specific Republic Act created PhilHealth.

RA No. 10354 (Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act 2012)

This controversial law recognizes human rights, including the right to health which encompasses reproductive health, and guarantees universal access to medically-safe, non-abortifacient contraceptives.

Banned

Under RA No. 10354, abortion is _.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Under RA No. 10354, this agency is instructed to vet contraceptives to ensure they do not prevent the implantation of a fertilized ovum.

Protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution and equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception

This phrase, taken from the Philippine constitution of 1987, highlights the state's duty regarding family and life.

RA No. 11223 (Universal Healthcare Act 2019)

Signed into law by former President Duterte, this act is considered the pinnacle health law that directs the health system towards providing healthcare and social protection for the country.

Protect and promote the right to health of all Filipinos and instill health consciousness among them

A key principle and policy declaration of the Universal Healthcare Act is to _.

Health literate

The Universal Healthcare Act aims to ensure all Filipinos are _, meaning they have good health education.

Whole-of-system, whole-of-government, and whole-of-society

The Universal Healthcare Act framework fosters a , , and _ approach in health policy development and implementation.

People-oriented

The Universal Healthcare Act mandates a _ approach for health service delivery, centered on people's needs and well-being.

DOH Administrative Order of 2010, Sin Tax Reform Law 2012, National Health Insurance Act of 2013, Supreme Court 2018 Ruling, Local Government Code 1991

Laws that built up towards the Universal Health Care Law include the , , , , and _.

High infant-child-maternal mortality rates, high stunting rate, lowest immunization rates, high out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures, inequitable distribution of health workers, overcrowded government health facilities

Disappointing outcomes in the Philippine Health Situation in 2019 included , , , , , and .

EO No. 138 ("On Mandanas Ruling", 2021)

The Supreme Court's 2018 Ruling, related to the Mandanas-Garcia Case, allowed more resources to go through local governments by including customs duties in their share of government income, later formalized by _.

RA 9211 (Tobacco Regulation Act)

An example of a law mentioned but not expounded upon in the lecture that addresses tobacco control is _.

RA 9288 (Newborn Screening Act)

An example of a law mentioned but not expounded upon in the lecture that addresses newborn health is _.

RA 10121 (Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Act)

An example of a law mentioned but not expounded upon in the lecture that addresses disaster preparedness is _.

Course of action implemented by government to achieve a certain goal

According to Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University, government policy is a _.

Evidence-based policymaking, transparency and accountability, improving people's lives

The three main reasons to understand and evaluate government policy are , , and _.

Theory of Change

To effectively evaluate a policy, understanding how things will change as a result of its implementation, conceptualized as a logical frame looking at inputs, processes, and outputs, is known as the _.

Inputs, activities/processes, short-term outputs, medium-term outcomes, impacts

A good Theory of Change clearly shows what , , , , and _ are needed for or result from a policy.

Idealized representation

The Theory of Change is an _ of how the policy should work.

Something is wrong with the policy's theory of change or its assumptions are not compatible with realities on the ground

Policies may not work as intended because either or .

RA 7160 (Local Government Code)

Dr. Dayrit cited the _ as an example of a good law that was poorly implemented and poorly timed, leading to the deterioration of the health system.

Failure, work in progress

Dr. Dayrit concluded that the Local Government Code was a for 25 or more years regarding maternal health but is still a .

Maternal mortality ratio

The graph showing no significant change for 25 years following the implementation of the Local Government Code specifically indicated a lack of progress in the _.

Local government units (LGUs) did not adequately implement essential services like antenatal care and safe delivery

One reason cited for the failure of the Local Government Code to improve maternal health was that _.

Transfer of PhilHealth funds to the national treasury

The controversy that reinforces the complexity of policy-making and implementation, currently awaiting a Supreme Court decision, concerns the _.

Unconstitutional or against the law

Those against the transfer of PhilHealth funds argue that it is _ and the money should remain in PhilHealth for social insurance.

Study the health laws and other administrative issuances

One way to develop health policy expertise is to _ and think of the intent behind them.

Map out the Theory of Change

To study a law's Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) and identify indicators for inputs, outputs, and outcomes, one should _.

Stakeholder analysis

To understand who supports or opposes a policy's implementation, one should do a _.

Time, infrastructure, financing, human resources, information, management expertise, technical expertise

Resource needs to implement a policy include , , , , , , and _.

Timing, preparation, and lack of resources

The Local Government Code, despite being a very good law on paper, failed in terms of , , and _.

PhilHealth's capacity

The success of social insurance depends on _ to implement the Universal Health Care Act.