RADPOS 1 - 50 Shades

Body Planes

A plane is a flat surface passed through the body or a portion of the body.

• Longitudinal planes

  • Coronal

  • Sagittal

• Horizontal planes

  • Transverse

Body planes are divided into:

Sagittal Plane (Median plane)

A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.

Coronal or (Frontal)

A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.

Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)

A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.

Oblique Plane

a longitudinal or transverse plane that is at an angle or slant and is not parallel to the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal plane.

• Lateral

• Medial

• Superior (cephalic/ cranial)

• Inferior (Caudal)

• Anterior (ventral)

• Posterior (Dorsal)

• Proximal

• Distal

• Superficial

• Deep

Directional Terms

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body (On the outer side of)

Medial

Near to the midline of the body (On the Inner side of)

Superior (cephalic/ cranial)

Towards the head end or towards the upper part of a structure (above)

Inferior (Caudal)

Away from the head end or towards the lower part of a structure (Below)

Anterior (ventral)

Towards or at front of the body (in front of)

Posterior (Dorsal)

Towards or at the back of the body (Behind)

Proximal

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

Distal

Farther or away from the origin of the body part or the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Superficial

Towards or at the body surface

Deep

Away from the body surface (more internal)

• Abduction

• Adduction

• Flexion

• Extension

• Inversion

• Eversion

• Pronation

• Supination

Joints movement Terms

Abduction

movement away from the midline of the body or body part.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body or body part.

Flexion

Decrease in the angle of a joint by bending

Extension

Increase in the angle of joint or straightening of a joint

Inversion

Turning of foot inward at the ankle joint.

Eversion

Turning of the foot outward at the ankle joint.

Pronation

Turning the hand so that the palm is down or onto one's stomach

Supination

Turning the hand so the palm is facing upward or turning onto one's back.

Body Position

Describe the overall placement of the body in the desired position.

• Erect "upright"

• Recumbent "lying down"

• Fowler's Position

• Trendelenburg Position

• Sim's Position

Body Position Terms

Erect

Position when the Sagittal and coronal planes of the body are perpendicular to the horizon

Recumbent

Position when the transverse plane of the body is perpendicular to the horizon

Fowler's Position

sitting leaning slightly back 45 - 90-degree legs may either be straight or bent.

Trendelenburg Position

lying supine with head slightly lower than their feet.

Sim's Position

A near lateral Left anterior oblique OR right anterior oblique with the top leg in front the lower leg.

• Supine (dorsal recumbent position)

• Prone (ventral recumbent position)

• Lateral recumbent

Recumbent Positions

Supine (dorsal recumbent position)

Recumbent: Lying down on the back

Prone (ventral recumbent position)

Recumbent: Lying face down

Lateral recumbent

recumbent: lying down on the side

Recumbent

general meanings are the same "LYING DOWN"

Decubitus

general meanings are the same "LYING DOWN" but in radiography, patient is lying down & the x-ray beam is parallel to the horizon

• Ventral decubitus

• Dorsal decubitus

• Lateral decubitus

Decubitus Positions

Ventral decubitus

patient is prone, Cassette (IR) is vertical & a horizontal beam is used

Dorsal decubitus

patient is supine, Cassette (IR) is vertical & a horizontal beam is used

Lateral decubitus

patient lying on the left lateral side, Cassette (IR) is vertical & a horizontal beam is used

Oblique

• Position when the body is rotated so that the MSP is neither nor to the film but at an angle.

• Exact position is indicated by the surface closest to the film and the angle of rotation.

• May be erect or recumbent.

RPO, LPO, RAO, LAO

Oblique Abbreviations:

Erect Positions

Surface of body closest to the film used to give a more specific description

• Posterior erect

• Left lateral erect

Erect Positions Examples:

Posterior erect

patient is standing with the posterior surface of the body next to the cassette

Left lateral erect

patient is standing with the left side of the body next to the cassette

Projection

Refers to the path the x-ray beam takes through part

Anteroposterior projection

Beam enters the front surface and exits the back surface of the part

Posteroanterior projection

Beam enters the back and exits the front of the part

Lateral Projections

◦ Torso (Trunk) and head

◦ Right to left lateral projection

◦ Left to right lateral projection

◦ Extremities (Limbs)

◦ Mediolateral projection

◦ Lateromedial projection

• PA

• AP

• Lateral

• Axial

• Tangential

Projections

Axial Projection

Any projection where the X-ray passes across a body axis (side-to-side or head-to-foot), not just front to back.

• Right to left lateral projection

• Left to right lateral projection

Tangential projection

Means the X-ray beam "skims" along the surface of the body or part — like it's just brushing it.

• Mediolateral projection

• Lateromedial projection

• Hypersthenic

• Sthenic

• Hyposthenic

• Asthenic

Classification of Body Habitus

Hypersthenic

 Deep broad thorax

 Short thoracic cavity

 Short wide heart

 Elevated diaphragm

 Stomach and GB very high

 Colon high and wide

 5% of population

Sthenic

 Lightly longer and shallow thorax

 Ribs more vertical

 Heart narrow and longer

 Thoracic cavity longer

 Diaphragm is not as high

 Colon slightly lower and more centrally located.

 50% of population

Hyposthenic

 Thorax longer

 Diaphragm lower

 Stomach and GB lower and close to midline.

 Colon lower and close to midline of abdomen

 35% of population

Asthenic

 Exaggeration of Hyposthenic type

 Thorax narrow and shallow

 Heart longer and narrow

 Thoracic cavity longer

 Diaphragm is very low

 Stomach and GB very lower, vertical and near midline.

 10% of population

• Cervical Region (7)

• Thoracic Region (10)

• Lumbar Region (5)

• Sacrum (2) and Pelvic Region

Topographic Landmarks

• C1 - level of Mastoid tip

• C2 - level of Gonion

• C3 - level of Hyoid bone

• C4/C5 - level of Thyroid cartilage

• C7 - level of vertebra prominens

Cervical Region

• T1 - 2 inches above jugular notch

• T2/T3 - level of jugular notch

• T4/T5 - level of sternal angle

• T7 - level of inferior angle of scapula

• T9/T10- level of xiphoid tip

Thoracic Region

• L2/L3 - level of inferior coastal margin

• L4/L5 - level of iliac crests

Lumbar Region

• S1/S2 - level of ASIS

• COCCYX- level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters

Sacrum and Pelvic Region

Mastoid tip

C1

Gonion

C2

Hyoid bone

C3

Thyroid cartilage

C4/C5

vertebra prominens

C7

2 inches above jugular notch

T1

jugular notch

T2/T3

sternal angle

T4/T5

inferior angle of scapula

T7

xiphoid tip

T9/T10

inferior coastal margin

L2/L3

iliac crests

L4/L5

ASIS

S1/S2

pubic symphysis and greater trochanters

COCCYX

Sagittal plane

body plane perpendicular to the IR in lordotic position

Coronal plane

body plane parallel to the IR for lordotic position

• Jugular notch (anterior)

• Vertebra prominens (posterior)

• Apicolordotic position

surface landmarks for lordotic position

Supine

If an AP examination of the patient is requested while lying down, what is the general body position?

Dorsal decubitus

If the patient is lying down on his back on the table and the central ray is directed horizontally, what is the specific body position?

Lateral projection

If the patient is lying down on his back on the table and the central ray is directed horizontally, what is the projection?