FRQ Unit 2 AP Human Geo (S1)

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that shows how population changes over time through stages of birth rate, death rate, and growth.

Stage 1 DTM

High birth & death rates, low population growth, pre-industrial, e.g., historical Europe.

Stage 1 Causes

Limited medicine, famine, disease, high infant mortality.

Stage 2 DTM

High birth rate, falling death rate, rapid population growth, e.g., Niger, Afghanistan.

Stage 2 Causes

Improved medicine, sanitation, food supply, reduced death rates.

Stage 3 DTM

Falling birth rate, low death rate, slowing population growth, e.g., Mexico, India.

Stage 3 Causes

Urbanization, education, contraception, smaller families.

Stage 4 DTM

Low birth & death rates, stable population, aging society, e.g., USA, UK, Japan.

Stage 4 Effects

Population stabilizes, more elderly, workforce ages.

Stage 5 DTM

Very low birth rate, low death rate, population decline, e.g., Japan, Germany.

Stage 5 Effects

Shrinking population, pressure on workforce and social services.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Difference between CBR and CDR; population growth rate (%) = (CBR - CDR)/10.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman would have in her lifetime.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Number of deaths of infants under 1 year per 1,000 live births.

Doubling Time

Number of years it takes for a population to double, formula: 70 ÷ NIR%.

Population Policies

Government strategies to control population growth; pro-natalist increases births, anti-natalist decreases births.

Push Factors

Negative conditions that drive people to leave a location, e.g., war, famine, unemployment.

Pull Factors

Positive conditions that attract people to a location, e.g., jobs, safety, education.

Voluntary Migration

When people choose to move for personal reasons, e.g., jobs, education.

Forced Migration

When people are compelled to move, e.g., refugees, slavery, natural disasters.

Refugee

A person forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, or natural disaster.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone forced to move within their own country due to conflict or disaster.

Migration Transition Theory

Explains how migration patterns change as countries develop; usually rural → urban in Stage 2 & 3 DTM.

Age Structure

The makeup of a population by age; affects future growth and workforce.

Population Composition

The makeup of a population in terms of age, sex, and other characteristics.

Population Pyramid

A visual graph showing age and sex distribution of a population.

Hans Rosling

A statistician and geographer who used data visualization to explain global development and population trends.

TFR, IMR, and Development

High TFR often occurs in countries with high IMR and lower development; lower TFR occurs in developed countries with low IMR.

Industrial Revolution Effect on DTM

Moves countries from Stage 1 → Stage 2 by reducing death rates, increasing population growth.

Population Policies Effect on DTM

Pro-natalist policies can increase birth rates; anti-natalist policies lower birth rates.